平面磨削时表层质量过程监测参教的实验研究(1)——磨削表层金相组织状态及烧伤的过程监测和预报

磨削过程中零件表层物理特性如金相组织、表面残余应力、磨削烧伤等的过程监测是为确保零件制造质量的重要课题,但目前尚难于在生产过程中实现。 在平面磨床上进行大量磨削16MoCr5表面硬化钢的试验后发现,单位面积磨削功率P″_c与砂轮—工件接触区最高平均温度T_(max)间有极好的函数对应关系。而磨削表层金相组织状态和发生烧伤主要决定于接触区的温度,因而可以应用相对容易测量计算的单位面积磨削功率P″_c来识别这些状态。如果P″_c没有超过某一特定的临界值P″_(cⅠ)时,磨削表层保持正常的针状马氏体组织。在超过P″_(cⅠ)的情况下,切向磨削力的斜率增加,当P″_c又超过第二临界值P″_(cⅡ)后,磨削表面由于烧伤而出现了变色层,表层金相组织和显微硬度证实了工件的这些不同的情况。试验结果表明,单位面积磨削功率P″_c,可以作为磨削过程监测和预报表层金相组织状态和磨削烧伤的可靠的过程特征参量,在生产实践中应用。     

Biomarker response to galactic cosmic ray-induced NOx and the methane greenhouse effect in the atmosphere of an Earth-like planet orbiting an M dwarf star

Planets orbiting in the habitable zone of M dwarf stars are subject to high levels of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), which produce nitrogen oxides (NOx) in Earth-like atmospheres. We investigate to what extent these NO(Mx) species may modify biomarker compounds such as ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as related compounds such as water (H2O) (essential for life) and methane (CH4) (which has both abiotic and biotic sources). Our model results suggest that such signals are robust, changing in the M star world atmospheric column due to GCR NOx effects by up to 20% compared to an M star run without GCR effects, and can therefore survive at least the effects of GCRs. We have not, however, investigated stellar cosmic rays here. CH4 levels are about 10 times higher on M star worlds than on Earth because of a lowering in hydroxyl (OH) in response to changes in the ultraviolet. The higher levels of CH4 are less than reported in previous studies. This difference arose partly because we used different biogenic input. For example, we employed 23% lower CH4 fluxes compared to those studies. Unlike on Earth, relatively modest changes in these fluxes can lead to larger changes in the concentrations of biomarker and related species on the M star world. We calculate a CH4 greenhouse heating effect of up to 4K. O3 photochemistry in terms of the smog mechanism and the catalytic loss cycles on the M star world differs considerably compared with that of Earth.     

Hydrothermal systems in small ocean planets

We examine means for driving hydrothermal activity in extraterrestrial oceans on planets and satellites of less than one Earth mass, with implications for sustaining a low level of biological activity over geological timescales. Assuming ocean planets have olivine-dominated lithospheres, a model for cooling-induced thermal cracking shows how variation in planet size and internal thermal energy may drive variation in the dominant type of hydrothermal system-for example, high or low temperature system or chemically driven system. As radiogenic heating diminishes over time, progressive exposure of new rock continues to the current epoch. Where fluid-rock interactions propagate slowly into a deep brittle layer, thermal energy from serpentinization may be the primary cause of hydrothermal activity in small ocean planets. We show that the time-varying hydrostatic head of a tidally forced ice shell may drive hydrothermal fluid flow through the seafloor, which can generate moderate but potentially important heat through viscous interaction with the matrix of porous seafloor rock. Considering all presently known potential ocean planets-Mars, a number of icy satellites, Pluto, and other trans-neptunian objects-and applying Earth-like material properties and cooling rates, we find depths of circulation are more than an order of magnitude greater than in Earth. In Europa and Enceladus, tidal flexing may drive hydrothermal circulation and, in Europa, may generate heat on the same order as present-day radiogenic heat flux at Earth's surface. In all objects, progressive serpentinization generates heat on a globally averaged basis at a fraction of a percent of present-day radiogenic heating and hydrogen is produced at rates between 10(9) and 10(10) molecules cm(2) s(1).     

聚束照射SAR相位历程数据压缩的码率分配

在合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统中，必须对复相位历程数据进行大量的处理才能获得有用图像。而在聚束照射SAR系统中，对SAR相位历程数据进行孔径加权和逆傅里叶转换就能荻取有用图像。本文将讨论聚束照射SAR系统所获取的复相位历程数据的压缩问题。我们利用有关孔径加权函数和傅里叶变换处理方面的知识得到了一个对应于每个复相位历程数据样本的“增益”因子。然后，利用这个“增益”因子对相位历程数据的量化进行有效的比特分配，最后对本文所提出的数据压缩系统的性能进行了评估，并与其它现有SAR相位历程数据压缩系统作了比较。     

低检测概率雷达中随机PRF信号的性能估算

为了产生低检测概率(LPD)的雷达信号，提出了随机PRF(脉冲重复频率)方法。本文对这种方法进行了研究，并简要讨论了该方法对雷达接收机性能的影响。此外还用理论检测法获得了未经许可的接收机及其性能的最佳检测器。然后用这些结果对采用随机PRF的LPD信号特性进行大量的改进。因此，首先要从LPD的观点来估算这些信号的性能，而且表明这种随机PRF信号是非常有用的，可看做是一个可靠的LPD信号。     

采用旋转时频-Radon变换的地面动目标的叶簇穿透SAR成像

本文介绍了旋转傅里叶变换、双线性旋转时频变换和Radon变换的基本概念。根据动目标雷达回波的某种模型，提出了一种采用旋转时频-Radon变换用于树林中动目标SAR成像的方法。     

GLONASS的评述和发展

导航星全球定位系统不是仅供城市中应用。尽管目前所发射的卫星数目还不够,但在民用独立定位精度方面,俄罗斯的GLONASS明显要优于目前加有SA的GPS定位精度。在本文中,我们将简要评述GLONASS的技术特性,并同GPS进行比较和对照。我们还将评估GLONASS目前的发展和性能,并且简要描述GLONASS和综合GPS/GLONASS兼容接收机。     

高超声速气流中平板上粘滞激波层的数值研究(英文)

本文描述绕锐前缘平板高超声速流动的数值模拟结果。对完全粘滞激波层的数值模拟进行了逐次校验。计算出的密度分布型式、激波倾斜和斯坦顿数与其他作者的理论和实验数据进行了比较。得到了近似传热系数计算结果的经验相关式。     

等离子喷涂纳米陶瓷热障涂层组织与性能

采用纳米陶瓷粒子团聚体粉末等离子喷涂制备纳米陶瓷热障涂层,研究了纳米陶瓷热障涂层的组织和性能.试验表明,采用纳米结构的陶瓷涂层有利于增加热障涂层的高温使用寿命.     

涡轮叶栅前缘上游端壁气膜冷却的传热实验研究

对前缘上游有单排和双排孔冷却的涡轮导向叶栅端壁进行了详细的传热实验,在吹风比1,2,3下获得了当地气膜冷却效率和换热系数,结合流场测量结果分析了端壁冷却和换热规律。结果表明端壁气膜冷却在很大程度上受二次流的影响,冷却效果主要由吹风比决定,低吹风比喷射时,压力面附近的一个三角形区域没有冷气的覆盖,中、高吹风比喷射可以大幅度提高平均冷却效率并使冷气很均匀的覆盖在端壁上,双排孔喷射比单排孔喷射平均效率提高1倍左右。结果还表明尽管冷气喷射使端壁换热系数随吹风比的增大而显著增大,气膜冷却还是能有效的降低端壁的热负荷,其中以中吹风比双排孔喷射的效果最为显著。