Analysis of total visual and CCD V-broadband observations of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp): 1995–2001

We developed a general method for determination of water production rates from groundbased visual observations and applied it to Comet Hale–Bopp. Our main objective is to extend the method to include total visual magnitude observations obtained with CCD detector and V filter in the analysis of total visual magnitudes. We compare the CCD V-broadband careful observations of Liller [Liller, W. Pre-perihelion CCD photometry of Comet 1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). Planet. Space Sci. 45, 1505–1513, 1997; Liller, W. CCD photometry of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp): 1995–2000. Int. Comet Quart. 23(3), 93–97, 2001] with the total visual magnitude observations from experienced international observers found in the International Comet Quarterly (ICQ) archive. A data set of ∼400 CCD observations covering about the same 6 years time span of the ∼12,000 ICQ selected total visual magnitude observations were used in the analysis. A least-square method applied to the water production rates, yields power laws as a function of the heliocentric distances for the pre- and post-perihelion phases. The average dimension of the nucleus as well as its effective active area is determined and compared with values published in the literature.     

Physical mechanism of the vertical electric field generation over active tectonic faults

The concept of the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) provides an explanation of the existence of a vertical atmospheric electric field and coupling between the ground and ionosphere. Presently, ionospheric physics pays more attention to electric fields and coupling processes in the polar and auroral regions, whereas in other areas the potential difference between the ground and ionosphere usually is not taken into account. Regional processes exist, however, that are able to significantly affect the GEC parameters and through modification of the ionospheric potential to create plasma density irregularities of different scales within the ionosphere. One such source of ionosphere modification is air ionization in the vicinity of active tectonic faults, which takes place due to increased radon emanation. This paper considers the process of local modification of the GEC and corresponding ionospheric variability due to tectonic activity.     

Increased BLSS closure using mineralized human waste in plant cultivation on a neutral substrate

The purpose of this work was to study the full-scale potential use of human mineralized waste (feces and urine) as a source of mineral elements for plant cultivation in a biological life support system (BLSS). Plants that are potential candidates for a photosynthesizing link were grown on a neutral solution containing human mineralized waste. Spring wheat Triticum aestivum L., peas Pisum sativum L. Ambrosia cultivar and leaf lettuce Lactuca sativa L., Vitaminny variety, were used. The plants were grown hydroponically on expanded clay aggregates in a vegetation chamber in constant environmental conditions. During plant growth, a determined amount of human mineralized waste was added daily to the nutrient solution. The nutrient solution remained unchanged throughout the vegetation period. Estimated plant requirements for macro-elements were based on a total biological productivity of 0.04 kg day⁻¹ m⁻². As the plant requirements for potassium exceeded the potassium content of human waste, a water extract of wheat straw containing the required amount of potassium was added to the nutrient solution. The Knop’s solution was used in the control experiments.     

Cosmic ray studies at Moussala – Past,present and future

We review the main activities carried out at Moussala peak (2925 m above sea level, 42°11′N, 23°35′E) station in Bulgaria, connected with cosmic ray investigations during the last five decades. Several important results obtained at the station are reported. The detector design and corresponding methodological studies of the presently operational devices are shown as well, precisely the Cherenkov light telescope, lead free neutron monitor and muon telescope. The scientific potential of the existing complex is discussed.     

Longitudinal structure of ballooning MHD disturbances in a model magnetosphere

Large-scale toroidal Pc5 pulsations are commonly treated as Alfven oscillations of a magnetic field line. According to observations, their longitudinal structure is described well by theory. At the same time, the longitudinal structure of azimuthal small-scale poloidal Pc5 pulsations is virtually unknown. These pulsations are associated with ballooning disturbances described by a system of coupled equations for Alfvenic and slow magnetosonic (SMS) modes. In this work, the Voigt model is used to describe the equilibrium finite-pressure plasma configuration in an inhomogeneous magnetosphere plasma in a curved magnetic field. Spectral characteristics and the spatial structure of natural ballooning modes are calculated for this model. The model calculations demonstrate the possibility of different longitudinal scales for transverse and longitudinal magnetic components of oscillations near the top of the field line.     

Comment on “Inversion of all principal submatrices of amatrix”

The paper by Koc and Chen (1994) includes new formulas for computational complexity, but the method itself is already known and has dubious numerical stability. A poorly conditioned example is shown     

SPOT-2 and TOPEX/Poseidon precise orbit determination from DORIS doppler tracking

The French earth observation satellite SPOT-2 has served as a testbed for precise orbit determination from DORIS doppler tracking in anticipation of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission. Using the most up-to-data gravity field model, JGM-2, a radial orbit accuracy of about 2–9 cm was achieved, with an rms of fit of the tracking data of about 0.64 mm/s. Furthermore, it was found that the coordinates of the ground stations can be determined with an accuracy of the order of 2–5 cm after removal of common rotations, and translations.

Using a slightly different model for atmospheric drag, but the same gravity model, precise orbits of TOPEX/Poseidon from DORIS tracking data were determined with a radial orbit accuracy of the order of 4–5 cm, which is far within the 13 cm mission requirement. This conclusion is based on the analysis of 1-day overlap of successive 11-day orbits, and the comparisons with orbits computed from satellite laser tracking (SLR) and from the combination of SLR and DORIS tracking. Results indicate a consistency between the different orbits of 1–4 cm, 4–20 cm, and 6–13 cm in the radial, cross-track, and along-track directions, respectively. The residual rms is about 4–5 cm for SLR data and 0.56 mm/s for DORIS tracking. These numbers are roughly twice as large as the system noise levels, reflecting the fact that there are still some modeling errors left.     

Response of the electron energy distribution to an artificially emitted electron beam: Apex experiment

The paper is based on the electron and ion energy spectra measurement on board the main spacecraft of the APEX mission. During the active phase of the experiment an intense electron beam was emitted from the main satellite. The basic cycle of the electron injection is formed by current pulses of different frequencies, duration and intensity. The spacecraft potential changes due to the gun operation were compensated by a low energy Xe plasma generator. The data show that the response of the environment to the beam emission depends not only on injection parameters but on the spacecraft position and orientation with respect to the magnetic field as well. The typical response is an increase of the intensity of the low energy (less than 1 keV) electrons in all directions. In addition, strong field aligned fluxes of electrons and/or ions are observed with energies below the gun energy. An attempt to classify different types of response and to find possible mechanisms which can explain the observed phenomena is made in the present paper.     

Encouraging space exploration through a new application of space property rights

Two major treaties define the legal framework of space, the Outer Space and Moon Treaties. The former prevents conflict and ensures free access in space, in part by preventing property claims in space, while the latter in part established the need for sharing space resources between the developed and less developed nations. Several groups argue that this has unintentionally restrained space commerce. Discussions supporting or expanding the current legal regime are contrasted with allowing individual property rights. A normative solution is suggested for establishing property rights and establishing equity between the developed and less developed nations.     

Mechanisms of generation and dynamics of HF and LF emissions in the experiments with electron beams injected into the earth’s ionosphere

Mechanisms of generation and dynamics of HF and LF emissions related to an electron beam injection from a spacecraft into the ionosphere are studied. The choice of the source and region of emission is substantiated. The plasma current neutralizing the spacecraft charge and the region of spatial charge in the vicinity of the spacecraft are chosen. Mechanisms of the generation of HF and LF emissions are proposed and their characteristics are determined. For the considered ranges of emission, the explanation of the facts related to the difficulties in interpretation of the amplitude value observed experimentally and the behavior of its envelope are presented. It is shown that the results obtained in this work agree well with the data of the conducted experiments.