Studies of vegetation and soils from aerospace measurements

The problem of soil and vegetation recognition with the use of satellite-derived digitized images and sub-satellite spectral brightness measurements at test sites data is discussed. A technique for retrieval of soil humus content is suggested.     

Comparative analysis of chemical composition and optical properties of gaseous and disperse phases of the Earth-group planetary atmospheres

The models of chemical composition and structure of the Earth-type planetary atmospheres are offered. The optical properties of gaseous and disperse phases of the atmospheres are investigated.     

The interannual variability of the earth's radiation budget components as observed from space

Based on the 1974–78 NOAA data, characteristic features of the variability of the Earth's radiation budget and its components over the area of the Northern Atlantic have been analyzed. Calculations of the mean square deviation for the ERB and its components have let to the conclusions that anomalous regions of maximum variability may be considered as energy-active zones.     

The use of reflection spectra in recognition of crops

The use of reflection spectra to recognize crops has been discussed. A technique to exclude the contribution to SBC by soil and weeds has been suggested.     

An experience gained from the use of reflection spectra for determination of the humus content in soils

It has been shown that colour coordinates are the most representative characteristic from which the content of humus in soils can be quantitatively estimated. The results have been presented of determination of the humus content in soils from spectral measurements made in laboratory and field conditions.     

The atmospheric greenhouse effect and climates on various planets

The greenhouse effect of the planetary atmospheres is considered and its evolution as a result of variations in the chemical composition and in gas abundances of the atmospheres as well as in the chemical composition, size distribution and concentration of aerosol components. A computer modelling gave the values of the greenhouse effect of the atmospheres of the Earth, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, and Titan. It is shown that the atmospheric greenhouse effect plays a decisive role in the formation of the planetary climates and that it has substantially changed in the process of the planetary evolution. The greenhouse effect mechanism has always been and still is a major factor of the mean global planetary climate.     

Remote sensing of natural formations from measurements of radiance coefficients

This paper is devoted to the consideration of some problems of remote sensing of natural formations using radiance coefficients in the narrow spectral invervals. The techniques for the determination of the most informative spectral intervals, as developed by the authors of the paper, are given and the results obtained are presented. The technique for obtaining the training sample of spectral radiance coefficients, with the help of a four-objective camera applied by the authors, is described. Some problems regarding the construction of a “universal” alphabet for classes of natural formations are discussed.     

Evaluation of craters formation in hypervelocity impact of debris particles on solid structures

The aim of this work is to develop simplified model of space debris particle collision on solid structures, which would provide closed form solution formulas for determining crater depth, radius and ejected mass being functions of impactor mass, speed and material of both impactor and target. The model will be verified with results of experiments.     

Techniques for the selection of spectral intervals for multispectral survey of the earth's resources from space

A solution has been proposed for the problem of optimal selection of spectral intervals for multispectral survey of the Earth's resources from space. The problem of planning multipurpose experiments on remote sensing of environment and natural resources has been considered.     

Optical properties of the Venusian atmosphere and radiative heat exchange

A detailed study has been made of the optical properties of the gas and aerosol phases of the atmosphere of Venus. The radiative heat exchange has been calculated for the most probable models of atmospheric structural and optical characteristics.