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21.
The heliospheric counterparts of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) at the Sun, interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs),
can be identified in situ based on a number of magnetic field, plasma, compositional and energetic particle signatures as
well as combinations thereof. We summarize these signatures and their implications for understanding the nature of these structures
and the physical properties of coronal mass ejections. We conclude that our understanding of ICMEs is far from complete and
formulate several challenges that, if addressed, would substantially improve our knowledge of the relationship between CMEs
at the Sun and in the heliosphere. 相似文献
22.
We present here a brief summary of the rich heritage of observational and theoretical research leading to the development
of our current understanding of the initiation, structure, and evolution of Coronal Mass Ejections. 相似文献
23.
The Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer Instrument on the MESSENGER Spacecraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G. Bruce Andrews Thomas H. Zurbuchen Barry H. Mauk Horace Malcom Lennard A. Fisk George Gloeckler George C. Ho Jeffrey S. Kelley Patrick L. Koehn Thomas W. LeFevere Stefano S. Livi Robert A. Lundgren Jim M. Raines 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):523-556
The Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer (EPPS) package on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and
Ranging (MESSENGER) mission to Mercury is composed of two sensors, the Energetic Particle Spectrometer (EPS) and the Fast
Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS). EPS measures the energy, angular, and compositional distributions of the high-energy components
of the in situ electrons (>20 keV) and ions (>5 keV/nucleon), while FIPS measures the energy, angular, and compositional distributions
of the low-energy components of the ion distributions (<50 eV/charge to 20 keV/charge). Both EPS and FIPS have very small
footprints, and their combined mass (∼3 kg) is significantly lower than that of comparable instruments. 相似文献