An equivalent ground thermal test method for single-phase fluid loop space radiator

Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops’ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler(TEC) array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

Coupling damage and reliability model of low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact based on the local stress–strain approach

Fatigue induced products generally bear fatigue loads accompanied by impact processes,which reduces their reliable life rapidly. This paper introduces a reliability assessment model based on a local stress–strain approach considering both low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact loads.Two coupling relationships between fatigue and impact are given with effects of an impact process on fatigue damage and effects of fatigue damage on impact performance. The analysis of the former modifies the fatigue parameters and the Manson–Coffin equation for fatigue life based on material theories. On the other hand, the latter proposes the coupling variables and the difference of fracture toughness caused by accumulative fatigue damage. To form an overall reliability model including both fatigue failure and impact failure, a competing risk model is developed. A case study of an actuator cylinder is given to validate this method.     

Determination of thermal expansion coefficients for unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites

In the present work, the coefficients of thermal expansion（CTEs） of unidirectional（UD）fiber-reinforced composites are studied. First, an attempt is made to propose a model to predict both longitudinal and transverse CTEs of UD composites by means of thermo-elastic mechanics analysis. The proposed model is supposed to be a concentric cylinder with a transversely isotropic fiber embedded in an isotropic matrix, and it is subjected to a uniform temperature change. Then a concise and explicit formula is offered for each CTE. Finally, some finite element（FE） models are created by a finite element program MSC. Patran according to different material systems and fiber volume fractions. In addition, the available experimental data and results of other analytical solutions of CTEs are presented. Comparisons are made among the results of the cylinder model,the finite element method（FEM）, experiments, and other solutions, which show that the predicted CTEs by the new model are in good agreement with the experimental data. In particular, transverse CTEs generally offer better agreements than those predicted by most of other solutions.     

固体火箭发动机CT图像条状伪影校正

为了校正窄角扇束工业CT扫描重建的固体火箭发动机图像中的条状伪影,分析了条状伪影的产生原因.针对条状伪影是由重排和数据对齐后固体火箭发动机投影数据的非光滑连续性引起的,提出了条状伪影校正的两种算法.两种算法均以中间平移步数的投影数据为基准进行投影数据的重排,一种将重排和数据对齐过程分开处理;另一种将重排和数据对齐过程合并处理.为了验证两种条状伪影校正算法的有效性,采用窄角扇束工业CT对某型固体火箭发动机进行3种不同扫描步长的扫描和重建.结果表明重排和数据对齐过程分开处理的校正算法只有在小步长扫描的情况下重建效果较好,条状伪影较少;而重排和数据对齐过程合并处理的校正算法在3种不同的扫描步长下图像重建质量均较好,条状伪影较少.      

转捩模型在翼型气动性能预测 中的应用研究

边界层转捩位置的准确预测对于提高飞行器气动性能的预测精度具有重要意义.选取与k-ω SST湍流模型相耦合的γ-Reθt模型,以零压力梯度平板为研究对象,通过求解基于有限体积法的雷诺平均N-S方程验证该模型自动捕捉流动转捩的准确性;将该模型应用于传统有压力梯度的NACA 0012翼型的流场特性和气动性能的研究中,并与原始k-ω SST模型的计算结果及全湍流试验数据进行比较.结果表明:远场边界距离对翼型阻力系数有较大的影响;与无转捩模型相比,γ-Reθt转捩模型对翼型阻力系数的预测精度有一定程度的提高;对于二维模型,γ-Reθt转捩模型难以捕捉翼型表面的三维效应和非定常分离特性.     

CATIA三维几何造型系统在直升机结构零件设计中的应用

本文主要通过与美国西科斯基公司联合进行S—92的尾斜梁的设计,介绍在直升机结构件设计中应用CATIA软件的设计方法及经验与体会。     

带迎角钨杆斜侵彻铝板数值仿真研究

为研究迎角对钨杆斜侵过程的影响,开展了带迎角钨杆斜侵彻铝板数值仿真研究。仿真中采用SPH方法,Shock状态方程和Steinberg本构模型。钨杆共有两种尺寸,分别为Φ10mm×23mm和Φ10mm×46mm。铝板厚10mm,撞击速度为2km/s,撞击角度为60°。为简化分析,将迎角分解为俯仰角和偏航角,其中俯仰角范围为-90°～90°,偏航角范围为0°～90°。对钨杆侵彻过程的分析结果表明：斜侵彻存在临界迎角,在临界迎角范围内钨杆所受力矩可忽略不计;在临界迎角范围外,钨杆将发生弯曲甚至折断。对钨杆的剩余质量分析结果表明：当偏航角为0°且钨杆未折断时,剩余质量只在较小的范围内变化;当俯仰角为0°时,剩余质量随迎角增加线性减小。对钨杆的剩余速度分析结果表明：偏航角对剩余速度的影响与俯仰角对剩余速度的影响基本一致,剩余速度曲线关于0°迎角基本对称。根据仿真结果,采用曲线拟合的方法给出了钨杆斜侵彻铝板的剩余速度经验公式。     

基于零空间的改进直接分配法

直接分配法是解决操纵面冗余飞行器控制分配的一种有效方法,但直接分配法只能对指定方向上误差最小目标进行优化,这种缺点限制了直接分配法的应用。零空间可以在保持转矩不变的前提下对控制量进行调节,利用这种特性,在三维转矩直接分配的基础上,通过对零空间坐标K进行数学规划可以使其他性能指标达到最优。推导证明,控制量最小问题和阻力最小问题分别可以转化为对坐标K的线性规划与二次规划问题。仿真结果表明,给出的基于零空间的改进直接分配法可以实现控制量最小和阻力最小控制分配。     

基于阻塞流的机场终端区极限容量评估研究

为确定机场终端区最大容量保障能力,即极限容量,从终端区运行特点分析出发,综合考虑进离场航线长度、飞行速度、管制间隔等因素,构建进离场网络流模型,并以跑道Pareto容量包络线作为约束,分析进离场航线网络与跑道的耦合关系,建立基于阻塞流的机场终端区极限容量评估模型。以杭州萧山机场终端区为例,验证了模型的可行性和准确性,并借助模型分析了不同流量控制策略下终端区容量包络线的变化趋势。研究表明,随着移交间隔变大,终端区容量包线有内移的趋势,进场容量由33架次/h逐步降为25架次/h。