高超声速飞行器脆性透波材料大热流冲击下断裂性能试验

高超声速飞行器在俯冲段、高机动变轨或瞬间外露定位探测设备时,快速变化的高热流密度气动热会对天线窗、天线罩等部件产生强烈的热冲击。判断脆性材料透波部件在大热流密度冲击下是否出现断裂破坏及确定断裂时间点,对于高超声速飞行器能否最终锁定并击中目标具有极为重要的意义。本文建立石英灯红外辐射式大热流冲击试验系统,最大冲击热流密度可达1.5 MW/m²,并对SiO₂和Al₂O₃2种脆性材料进行了高速热冲击试验。热流冲击模拟准确,控制结果与预设热流的相对误差小于1.0%。同时,采用数字图像相关方法实时采集热冲击过程中脆性材料表面散斑图像的动态变化,成功捕捉并获得了断裂时间点这一重要关键参数。通过对散斑图像的分析计算,得到了脆性试验件断裂前的表面应变的变化。试验结果为高超声速飞行器透波天线窗等信号探测定位部件在高速大热流热冲击下的安全可靠性设计提供了重要依据。     

高压环境下剪切稀化非牛顿撞击射流直接数值模拟

高压环境下的撞击射流是液体火箭推进系统中广泛采用的一种燃料雾化方法,其雾化效果将直接决定最终燃烧效率。采用直接数值模拟（DNS）工具,对10 MPa高压环境下剪切稀化非牛顿直角撞击射流的三维非定常雾化特征、机理及非牛顿特性进行了研究。结果表明：高压环境下该撞击射流的雾化流场呈圆形辐射状分布并形成Mushroom头部和Ω状的局部凸起,气体中的涡量分布表现为有序贴附区和无序爆炸区两类,液膜向液丝的破碎主要受平均气体力和平均黏性力作用影响,而液丝向液滴的破碎则主要受局部流场参数影响,撞击雾化过程中液体无量纲表面积不断增长并可分为5个阶段。此外,撞击射流头部在局部强剪切力作用下其无量纲黏性系数最低降至仅0.7。     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

Robust adaptive compensation control for unmanned autonomous helicopter with input saturation and actuator faults

This paper studies a robust adaptive compensation Fault Tolerant Control(FTC) for the medium-scale Unmanned Autonomous Helicopter(UAH) in the presence of external disturbances,actuator faults and input saturation.To improve the disturbance rejection capacity of the UAH system in actuator healthy case, an adaptive control method is adopted to cope with the external disturbances and a nominal controller is proposed to stabilize the system.Meanwhile, compensation control inputs are designed to reduce the negative effects derived from actuator faults and input saturation.Based on the backstepping control and inner-outer loop control technologies, a robust adaptive FTC scheme is developed to guarantee the tracking errors convergence.Under the presented FTC controller, the uniform ultimate boundedness of all closed-loop signals is ensured via Lyapunov stability analysis.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.     

滑行段低温推进剂流动及换热特性对气枕压力的影响研究

运载火箭在飞行过程中需要进行姿态调整以满足入轨要求,贮箱内推进剂在外界干扰力的作用下将发生晃动,由此引入了诸如气液接触面积、蒸发、冷凝过程及推进剂流动变化等不确定影响因素。实际飞行过程尤其是进入滑行段的初始推进剂晃动对贮箱内气枕压力及推进剂流动行为具有重要影响。在调研国内外运载火箭末级飞行过程中低温贮箱压力及推进剂流动特性的基础上,建立仿真模型,采用流体体积函数方法(VOF)分析滑行段推进剂流动特性变化对贮箱气枕压力的影响。     

Dynamics Analysis of Carrier-Based Aircraft with Off-Center Catapult Launch

In order to enhance the safety of the catapult launch of the carrier-based aircraft,the catapult launch multibody dynamic model is established aiming at the problem of off-center catapult launch. The whole catapult process including four stages which are buffering,tensioning,releasing and taxiing is taken into consideration and the body dynamics of the off-center catapult during each stage is analyzed. The catapult launch dynamic differences between the conditions only considering taxiing and that considering four stages are compared,and the effects of the different initial off-center distances considering four stages on the attitude,landing gear load and acceleration of the carrier-based aircraft during catapult launch are discussed. The results show that only considering taxiing may underestimate the dynamics of the carrier-based aircraft substantially. When taking four stages into consideration,the initial off-center distance has small influence on the aircraft dynamic characteristics during buffering and tensioning but has larger influence on that during releasing and taxiing. The increase of the off-center distance will cause the enhancement of the aircraft rolling and yawing,which may lead to the load difference between the left and right landing gears and the increase of the aircraft lateral acceleration. The establishment and simulation of the catapult launch multi-body dynamic model founded on buffering,tensioning,releasing and taxiing provide reference for the carrier-based aircraft design and analysis of the catapult launch dynamics.     

中介轴承环下流道滑油流动及润滑效率分析

航空发动机主轴轴承（中介轴承）大多采用环下供油方式进行润滑,滑油在环下供油流道中的流动特性影响着轴承润滑效率,为了改善迄今滑油流动分析与喷射-收纳滑油分析相割裂及未考虑环下供油孔与滚动体相对位置变化所产生滑油输出时变性影响的不足,提出了考虑滑油输出时变性影响的喷油-收油与滑油流动集成分析方法。首先,将进入环下供油流道的滑油分解为直接喷入收油孔的滑油和沉积于收油环壁面上并沿周向流入收油孔的滑油,通过计算这两部分滑油流量获得进入环下供油流道的滑油流量;然后,基于环下供油孔和滚动体相对位置变化规律确定供油孔出口的时变边界条件,将其嵌入滑油流动瞬态分析模型,进行模型求解后得到环下供油流道各出口的滑油流量及轴承润滑效率。所提出的滑油流动分析方法较为系统也更符合工程实际,为中介轴承润滑效率的准确计算提供了技术方法和基础数据,有助于中介轴承润滑系统的精确设计。     

锯齿形转捩片触发高超声速进气道边界层转捩的大涡模拟

为促进锯齿形转捩片在高超声速进气道中的应用,以地面风洞条件下的二元进气道为研究对象,采用高精度大涡模拟方法对锯齿形转捩片在三级压缩楔面上触发的边界层转捩现象开展了研究。数值方法基于隐式亚格子模型,空间离散采用高精度通量限制型紧致格式,时间推进采用显式Runge-Kutta方法。数值模拟清晰捕捉到了边界层转捩的空间发展演化过程,并获得了统计平均流场以及流场脉动特征。数值模拟结果表明转捩片能够有效触发进气道压缩面边界层转捩;通过与等熵压缩面及单楔面数值模拟结果的对比分析,获得了转捩片触发边界层转捩的内在机理,为后续研究工作奠定了基础。     

舰载无人机拦阻着舰中机身冲击响应分析

针对某舰载无人机拦阻着舰过程中的机体强度问题,以其中机身结构为主要研究对象,首次设计了包括中机身结构与前后机身、机翼假件以及拦阻钩等构件的地面拦阻模拟试验方案,并搭建了相应装置,采用地面试验和刚柔耦合仿真模拟2种方法,对拦阻着舰过程中拦阻力冲击下中机身结构的动态响应特性进行了全面分析。试验与仿真结果表明：中机身最大航向过载沿两条主传力路径自后机身到前机身方向衰减,下传递路径点的过载峰值明显大于上传递路径点的峰值;发现最大过载点位于拦阻接头处,应变危险点位于机腹梁前段处;中机身结构上各测点的试验和仿真过载误差均在5%以内,应变误差均在8%以内,验证了试验结果的有效性和刚柔耦合数值仿真方法的可行性。地面拦阻试验及数值仿真的联合分析可为舰载无人机机身结构强度设计提供重要参考,并为后续舰载无人机的拦阻着舰分析以及机身结构响应预测提供依据。     

主流湍流度对涡轮导叶吸力面W型气膜孔冷却效率影响的实验研究

为了获得亚声速涡轮导叶吸力面不同位置处单排W型气膜孔的气膜冷却特性,在短周期跨声速风洞中实验研究了吹风比、主流湍流度对W型气膜孔冷却效率的影响。两列单排气膜孔分别布置在吸力面16%和21%相对弧长处,实验进口雷诺数范围为3.0×10⁵~9.0×10⁵,吹风比范围是0.5~2.0,叶栅出口等熵马赫数为0.8,高低湍流度分别为14.7% 和1.3%。实验结果表明：低湍流度时孔排1和孔排2下游的气膜冷却效率都随吹风比的增大先增大后减小,最佳吹风比分别为BR=1.2和BR=0.8。由于孔排1和孔排2所处位置的主流边界层状态不同,导致湍流度对于气膜冷却效率有不同的影响。对于孔排1,大吹风比时高湍流度使冷气核心向壁面移动,提高了气膜冷却效率;而小吹风比时,湍流度对冷却效率的影响随雷诺数升高而减弱。对于孔排2,大吹风比时高湍流度提高了孔附近区域的冷却效率,同时加快了冷却效率沿流向下降的速度,而在小吹风比时高湍流度显著降低了孔排下游气膜冷却效率。