大气层内模型预测静态规划拦截中制导

在临近空间机动目标拦截中,拦截器的初始动力段对中制导段乃至末端拦截性能具有重要影响。在模型预测静态规划（MPSP）理论基础上提出了一种初、中制导联合规划制导方法,旨在解决多阶段、快速、最优拦截轨迹规划和制导问题。首先,提出了一种改进的模型预测静态规划方法,该方法不仅可以满足终端约束,还可以生成最优初始状态,并在性能指标中考虑状态变量相关函数。其次,基于等效阻力模型建立了包含动力段与非动力段的两段规划模型,通过采用分段离散以及构建关机点变分关系的方法,避免了内点约束的引入,使MPSP算法可直接求解该两段规划问题。最后,结合提出的MPSP算法以及两段规划模型,实现了终端速度最优的拦截轨迹规划,结合目标预测方法,实现了对机动目标的预测拦截。仿真结果表明,本文方法可提高制导精度和终端速度,且能更好满足对机动目标的拦截需求。     

高马赫数层流摩阻数值计算精度

飞行器在高空高速飞行时黏性效应显著,摩阻预示精度对飞行器的关键气动性能意义重大。目前,摩阻预示主要依赖数值计算,但高马赫数层流摩擦阻力计算与试验测量结果仍存在差距。以具有高速飞行器典型部件特征的球锥、三角翼为对象,结合风洞试验摩阻测量结果,使用国家数值风洞（NNW）数值计算软件和自研CFD程序研究了数值计算中影响摩阻计算精度的格式数值耗散及壁面温度边界条件等重要因素。研究结果表明：数值耗散越小,表面摩阻的计算精度越高;在速度较低的边界层近壁区内关闭熵修正,将有助于提高表面摩阻的预示精度。此外,在高马赫数流动问题的数值模拟中,壁面温度条件对表面摩阻计算同样具有重要影响。最后,基于分析结果和工程需要提出了对高精度摩阻数值预示的研究需求。     

改善返回舱气动稳定特性数值计算研究

和第一宇宙速度载人再入飞行相比,以第二宇宙速度载人再入飞行对返回器的升阻比要求较高。文章给出了一种升阻比能够满足第二宇宙速度再入需求的返回器基本外形,分析了基本外形的气动性能以及质心位置对气动稳定特性的影响,结果表明基本外形在高超声速和亚声速下均存在第二静稳定配平点的问题。为了改善基本外形的气动稳定特性,文章提出了多种改进外形设计,包括增加稳定耳片、改变尾部外形设计等。通过数值模拟对这些改进外形的气动稳定性进行了分析,结果表明这些改进设计对于改善返回器的单点稳定特性是有效的。通过对流场特性的详细分析,对改进气动设计改善返回器稳定特性的机理进行了揭示和阐释。     

自落式缓冲气囊仿真研究

缓冲气囊被广泛应用于武器装备及物资空投、航天器着陆回收、汽车安全气囊等领域。设计具有优良缓冲性能的气囊系统可以减小物品或乘员所受的冲击力,最大程度上避免了物资的损坏和乘员伤亡。文章以某型空投缓冲系统所用气囊作为研究对象,运用LS-DYNA有限元仿真软件,采用控制体积法对该气囊缓冲过程进行了数值模拟计算,同时,结合工程计算与试验测试,合理确定气囊设计中关键技术状态,获得了带有辅囊的自落式缓冲气囊设计思路与方法,提高了研制品质,节省了研制成本与周期。     

姿态角幅值约束下的太阳帆Lissajous轨道保持控制

太阳帆航天器以两姿态角作为轨道控制输入时, 其轨道动力学方程具有非仿射非线性特性. 通过人工平动点处线性化获得的线性系统可完成太阳帆航天器轨道保持控制器的分析与设计. 由于线性近似模型为有误差模型, 存在近似有效范围约束, 表现为轨道高度约束和姿态角幅值约束. 本文研究了姿态角幅值约束对线性近似模型有效性的影响, 通过计算给出满足近似误差要求的姿态角幅值约束. 当控制输入存在幅值约束时, 控制器轨道修正能力受到束缚. 通过研究姿态角幅值约束下的最大允许入轨误差, 设计了最大允许入轨误差下线性二次型调节器(LQR)用于轨道保持控制, 并将控制器应用于太阳帆日地三体系统非线性模型中, 实现了日地人工L₁点Lissajous轨道最大允许入轨误差的控制收敛和良好精度下的轨道保持控制.      

Space Life Science of China in 2013

In the past two years, space life science research in China is characterized by a wide area of basic researches for providing foundation for the future China Space Station. The effect of microgravity and radiation was further studied from physiology phenomena to the level of bio-molecule mechanisms. Chinese space life science is maturing in a new era of comprehensive development. Here, we review and summarize researches on space life sciences which were contributed by Chinese scientists.      

Numerical investigation of the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics

Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics using the commercial-code FLUENT. The asymmetry of fuel injection is examined by changing the fuel flow rates of the upper and lower wall fuel injectors. The numerical approach solves the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, supplemented with a k-ω model of turbulence. As a result, different ways of fuel injections will always lead to shock train transitions, with the variations of shock train structure, strength and leading edge position. For symmetric fuel injection, the flowfield of the isolator is quite asymmetric with the boundary layer of the upper wall side developing much stronger than that of the lower wall, which is due to the heterogeneity of the incoming flow. Regarding to asymmetric fuel injection with more of lower wall side, though the pressures in the combustor are nearly the same, the first shock of the shock train converts between ‘Distinct symmetric X type shock’ and ‘Obscure and weaker asymmetric shock’ and the shock train leading edge moves upstream with the increase of the asymmetry level. With regard to asymmetric fuel injection with more of upper wall side, ‘incomplete asymmetric X type shock’ occurs and the shock train structures keep nearly the same with low level of fuel injection asymmetry. Unexpected results like unstart will happen when increasing the level of fuel injection asymmetry. And the isolator will come back to normal state by decreasing the differential of upper and lower wall sides fuel injections.     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

脉压雷达旁瓣匿影工作模式与抗干扰性能分析

旁瓣匿影是脉冲压缩雷达中常用的抗干扰技术。首先基于旁瓣匿影的一般结构,构建了脉压前匿影与脉压后匿影两种工作模式。然后重点针对不同工作模式下的雷达抗干扰性能和检测性能进行了理论分析和仿真研究。结果表明,脉压前匿影比较适合对抗压制性脉冲干扰,而脉压后匿影则更适合对抗欺骗性脉冲干扰。     

多退化变量下基于Copula函数的陀螺仪剩余寿命预测方法

针对惯性导航系统中陀螺仪多退化变量条件下的剩余寿命（RUL）预测问题,提出了一种基于Copula函数的多退化变量剩余寿命预测方法。首先,针对退化变量间不同的退化轨迹,采用不同的方法进行退化建模,并对于陀螺漂移系数样本标准差数据波动性随时间递增的特性,提出了一种方差时变的正态随机过程退化建模方法,得到了陀螺仪剩余寿命的边缘分布函数。然后,通过Copula函数来描述退化变量之间的相关性,将得到的剩余寿命的边缘分布进行融合,得到了陀螺仪剩余寿命的联合分布函数。最后,通过陀螺仪实例分析验证了方法的适用性和可行性。