The cost benefits of the Spacelab system to scientific investigations and space applications

In the past, one of the major problems in performing scientific investigations in space has been the high cost of developing, integrating, and transporting scientific experiments into space. The limited resources of unmanned spacecraft, coupled with the requirements for completely automated operations, was another factor contributing to the high costs of scientific research in space. In previous space missions after developing, integrating and transporting costly experiments into space and obtaining successful data, the experiment facility and spacecraft have been lost forever, because they could not be returned to earth. The objective of this paper is to present how the utilization of the Spacelab System will result in cost benefits to the scientific community, and significantly reduce the cost of space operations from previous space programs.The following approach was used to quantify the cost benefits of using the Spacelab System to greatly reduce the operational costs of scientific research in space. An analysis was made of the series of activities required to combine individual scientific experiments into an integrated payload that is compatible with the Space Transportation System (STS). These activities, including Shuttle and Spacelab integration, communications and data processing, launch support requirements, and flight operations were analyzed to indicate how this new space system, when compared with previous space systems, will reduce the cost of space research. It will be shown that utilization of the Spacelab modular design, standard payload interfaces, optional Mission Dependent Equipment (MDE), and standard services, such as the Experiment Computer Operating System (ECOS), allow the user many more services than previous programs, at significantly lower costs. In addition, the missions will also be analyzed to relate their cost benefit contributions to space scientific research.The analytical tools that are being developed at MSFC in the form of computer programs that can rapidly analyze experiment to Spacelab interfaces will be discussed to show how these tools allow the Spacelab integrator to economically establish the payload compatibility of a Spacelab mission.The information used in this paper has been assimilated from the actual experience gained in integrating over 50 highly complex, scientific experiments that will fly on the Spacelab first and second missions. In addition, this paper described the work being done at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to define the analytical integration tools and techniques required to economically and efficiently integrate a wide variety of Spacelab payloads and missions. The conclusions reached in this study are based on the actual experience gained at MSFC in its roles of Spacelab integration and mission managers for the first three Spacelab missions. The results of this paper will clearly show that the cost benefits of the Spacelab system will greatly reduce the costs and increase the opportunities for scientific investigation from space.     

航天飞机在飞行时的损害评估

文章介绍了用约翰逊空间中心超高速碰撞试验设备(HIT-F)上的BUMPER计算程序,对航天飞机观察窗表面在低地球轨道(LEO)环境受到超高速碰撞时的损害进行预测,并与实际损害情况进行了比较。     

国内空管雷达技术发展与建议

一、概述 空管雷达是ATM（空中交通管理）系统监视空中飞行情况的重要信息源之一，是确保飞行安全、实现雷达管制和提高空域容量的基础。随着雷达技术的进步和微电子技术的快速发展，空管雷达的技术水平也得到了巨大发展。尤其是进入20世纪90年代以来，随着射频大功率晶体管器件的成熟与商品化，空管雷达进入了全固态时代，国际上出现大量全固态、可无人值守的空管雷达。全固态空管雷达大量采用集成化、微电子化的设备，从而在系统可靠性、稳定性、自动化和商品化水平上有很大提高，使空管雷达发展到一个更为实用的阶段。     

中巴地球资源卫星与应用

中巴地球资源卫星是以中国为主研制的第一代传输型地球资源卫星。文章简要介绍了它的发展历程 ,全面介绍了星上的有效载荷、采用的先进技术和应用成果     

论相似准则,风洞尺寸与数据精,准度与关系

本文从相似理论到风洞实验，用大量的论据和事实、说明了风洞实验数据的精度，并不取决于风洞尺寸的大小，而只取决于实验条件及模型尺寸满足Ｎ－Ｓ方程的解的近似程度。文中讨论了怎样大小尺寸的风洞，既满足了空气动力学的研究发展和型号试验，又适合我国国情的经济性要求这个人们普遍关心的问题。最后介绍了ＮＡＳＡ给出的一组能较好满足上述两方面要求，且具有某种唯一性条件的不同Ｍａｃｈ数范围下的风洞最好尺寸，供有关部门和人员参考     

具有衬里的纤维缠绕压力容器分析

给出了具有衬里的纤维缠绕压力容器纤维厚度的设计计算方法。当容器的结构一定时，给出了确定爆破压强的方法。     

多道扫描探针系统在电弧风洞中的应用

介绍了一种用于诊断电弧风洞等离子体参数的多道扫描探针系统，使用该系统研究了ＦＤ０４风洞空流场的等离子体特性，利用ＣＴＷ理论分析了探针数据，实时给出了流场攻密度的空间分布。实验表明，空流场的电子温度分布基本是均匀的；电子密度分布与流场结构紧密相关，电子密度变化在３倍之内，随着流场结值的不同２，电子密度也随之变化。     

中南空管精心保障两岸直航顺利完成

2006年2月7日,厦门航空公司CXA884航班(波音757)从高雄起飞,于15时25分安全抵达厦门高崎机场,这标志着历时19天的2006年两岸春节包机所有航班任务全部执行完毕,安全、顺利、圆满地为两岸民航飞机第二次的双向对飞航程画下完美句点。从民航中南空管局运行管理中心提供的数据显示     

平板缝隙溅击喷嘴冷流混合特性

作为变推力液体火箭发动机上环形缝隙式喷嘴基本特性研究的一部分,本文研究了溅板的加入,以及溅板几何尺寸的改变对喷雾场冷流混合特性的影响。结果表明,溅板的加入改善了流强与混合比分布。溅击角的增大和合成膜在溅板上撞击线的内移不同程度地提高了E_m值。合理的设计和准确控制喷注参数可以获得满意的流强与混合比分布。     

The effect of small vibrations on Marangoni convection and the free surface of a liquid bridge

The effects of small vibrations on Marangoni convection were investigated experimentally using a liquid bridge of 5 cSt silicone oil with a disk diameter of 7.0 mm, and an aspect ratio close to 0.5. Experiments were performed to determine the critical temperature difference data for no vibration case and with small vibrations applied. The experimental results have shown that the effect of small vibrations on the onset of oscillatory flow is small since the critical temperature difference data for different aspect ratios were not affected by the vibrations. To clarify the surface oscillation phenomena induced by external vibrations, a 3-D numerical simulation model was also developed using a level set algorithm to predict the surface oscillations of isothermal silicone oil bridges. By subjecting the liquid bridge to small vibrations, the surface oscillation characteristics were predicted numerically, and the numerical results compared well with the predictions of an analytical model proposed previously. Furthermore, the effect of small vibrations on the surface vibration amplitude of the liquid bridge is also discussed.