The basic thermodynamical equations of surface phases

The basic thermodynamical equations for values which characterize the surface (as curvatures, thickness, surface density of extensive value and its fluxes) are derived with real thickness of the surface being taken into consideration. The terms in the equations connect the thickness with the curvature as well as with the fluxes, surface densities and production of extensive properties. The extended thermodynamical fluxes contain terms in which the thickness and curvature of surface are explicitly expressed.     

Optical Calibration of Geostationary Satellite Tracking Systems

A precise calibration method for range and angle observation has been developed for eliminating the systematic error of tracking systems, thus improving the accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellites. The principle of calibration is based on an orbit determination employing a point of optical angle observation in addition to radio tracking observation, in which we estimate observation bias parameters simultaneously with orbital elements, including the effects of geodetic mismodelings. As shown by an actual calibration experiment in our ground station, orbit determinations is sufficiently accurate that the error of predicting satellite range falls within a few meters at four days after the day of orbit determination.     

Control aspects of efficient rocket propulsion systems

The means for enhancing the efficiency of rocket propulsion of spacecraft is considered in terms of the control of propellant consumption, trajectory planning, and in-flight operations management. Particular attention is given to techniques by which all the fuel and oxidizer are consumed completely by mixture adjustment as an example of a terminal control system providing significant propulsion efficiency.     

Optimal Precession Control of Randomly Perturbed Spin-Stabilized Satellite

Dynamics of the satellite angular momenta is modeled by ordinary differential equations with additive white noise. A feedback controller er is desired to maintain tolerable satellite momenta and to economize ze the fuel consumption. The stochastic optimal control problem is transformed into an equivalent deterministic optimization problem involving a parabolic partial differential equation. Necessary optimality y conditions are used to develop a computation algorithm. Results regarding optimal controls, expected costs, and confinement probabilities in different noisy environments are presented.     

Decision Cells for Positional Radar Identification of Satellites

There is a problem in deciding whether a radar observation of an object in outer space is of a known catalogued satellite or of a newly launched satellite. With some radar systems joint or dumbell radar images of two satellites cause occasional confusion, and appropriate decision theory for this situation is derived. Decision theory for the individual image is given in an appendix.     

Phase Detector Response to Noisy and Noisy Fading Signals

Transfer characteristics of sinusoidal, triangular, and sawtooth-type phase detectors in response to noisy and noisy fading signals have been studied in detail. A new analytical model of the swatooth-type phase detector has been suggested. Detailed experimental results have been supplemented in support of the theoretical findings. Both the theoretical findings and the experimental results clearly indicate that the superiority of a sawtooth-type phase detector over the other two varieties is completely lost in noisy and noisy fading environments.     

The Effect of Weighting upon Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Pulse Bursts

The Doppler sidelobes of a received pulse burst may be partially controlled by varying the amplitudes of the pulses in the burst or sequence upon transmission and/or reception. When there is a peak power limitation, weighting the amplitudes produces a loss in signal-to-noise ratio. A general expression is derived for the loss factor under the peak power limitation, and loss factor formulas are given for the following cases: Case A: Full nominal weights upon reception. Uniform weights on transmission. Case B: Square roots of the nominal weights on both transmission and reception. Case C: Full nominal weights on both transmission and reception. These cases are listed in order of increasing loss. Numerical results are tabulated for regular spacings and for the following nominal weights: 1) Dolph-Tchebycheff, 2) Taylor, 3) Hamming, and 4) Hann.     

Signal Interference and Improvement of Signal-to-Noise Ratios in a Half-Wave Linear Detector

Signal interference in the half-wave linear detector has been studied only for amplitude modulation. In this paper, we treat signal interference for both an amplitude-and an angle-modulation communication system. The input to the half-wave linear detector is assumed to be composed of an amplitude-modulated wave, an angle-modulated wave, and narrow-band Gaussian noise. In particular, when strongweak relations exist in the input processes, a detailed analysis for the output component is presented to clarify some useful output properties.