Main medical results of extended flights on space station Mir in 1986-1990

During 1986-1990 seven prime spacecrews (16 cosmonauts) have flown on-board the Mir orbital complex. The longest space mission duration was 366 days The principal objectives of the medical tasks were the maintenance of good health and performance of the spacecrews and conducting medical research programs which included study of the cardiovascular, motor, endocrine, blood, immune, and metabolic systems. Results obtained point to the ability of humans to readily adapt to a year-long stay in space and maintain good health and performance. Readaptation had a similar course as after other previous long-term space flights of up to 8 months in duration. Primary body system changes were not qualitatively different from findings after flights aboard the Salyut 6 and 7 space stations. In this case, during and after an 11-12 month flight, body system alterations were even less severe which was a result of adequate countermeasure use, their systematic and creative employment and maintenance of required environments to support life and work in space.     

Thermal resistance in satellite mounting plates due to conductive heat transfer

The thermal resistance due to conductive heat transfer between two heat generating boxes mounted symmetrically on a thin mounting plate, one side of which is subjected to a constant heat flux and the opposite side is convectively cooled, is considered. The other two sides are maintained at constant temperature. A numerical solution for the temperature field is obtained and the heat transfer between the boxes is found by integrating between the critical heat flow lines. Various nondimensional parameters are identified and their influence on the thermal resistance is studied.     

Structural and functional changes in man accompanying the weightlessness in "Skylab" flights: a mathematical approach

The present paper reports a kinetic analysis of changes of some physiological parameters, obtained from international literature, after changes in gravitational environment. The overall phenomenology of the adaptation to weightlessness is characterized by a rapid process followed by a slow one. The two processes show half time values differing by about five times. Also in the case of readaptation to gravity, after recovery on the Earth, two well resolved processes, showing different half time values, are observed. It is of interest to notice that the rate of response to weightlessness is lower than that to gravity. Of course, the half time values observed depend on the different physiological parameters considered. In any case, the experimental data suggest a general trend of many adaptive changes, that may all be described by a simple mathematical model.     

Skylab experiment M-092: results of the first manned mission

Blood pressure at 30-sec intervals, heart rate, and percentage increase in leg volume continuously were recorded during a 25-min protocol in the M092 Inflight Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) experiment carried out in the first manned Skylab mission. These data were collected during six tests on each crewman over a 5-month preflight period. The protocol consisted of a 5-min resting control period, 1 min at -8, 1 min at -16, 3 min at -30, 5 min at -40, and 5 min at -50 mm Hg LBNP. A 5-min recovery period followed. Inflight tests were performed at approximately 3-day intervals through the 28-day mission. Individual variations in cardiovascular responses to LBNP during the preflight period continued to be demonstrated in the inflight tests. Measurements of the calf indicated that a large volume of fluid was shifted out of the legs early in the flight and that a slower decrease in leg volume, presumably due to loss of muscle tissue, continued throughout the flight. Resting heart rates tended to be low early in the flight and to increase slightly as the flight progressed. Resting blood pressure varied but usually was characterized by slightly elevated systolic blood pressure, lower diastolic pressure, and higher pulse pressures than during preflight examinations. During LBNP inflight a much greater increase in leg volume occurred than in preflight tests. Large increases occurred even at the smallest levels of negative pressure, suggesting that the veins of the legs were relatively empty at the beginning of the LBNP. The greater volume of blood pooled in the legs was associated with greater increases of heart rate and diastolic pressure and larger falls of systolic and pulse pressure than seen in preflight tests. The LBNP protocol represented a greater stress inflight, and on three occasions it was necessary to stop the test early because of impending syncopal reactions. LBNP responses inflight appeared to predict the degree of postflight orthostatic intolerance. Postflight responses to LBNP during the first 48 hours were characterized by marked elevations of heart rate and instability of blood pressure. In addition, systolic and diastolic pressures were typically elevated considerably both at rest and also during stress. The time required for cardiovascular responses to return to preflight levels was much slower than in the case of Apollo crewmen.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

小议接地技术的应用

随着民航空管基础设施的发展,大量的电子、电气、通信设备系统获得了越来越广泛的应用。运行中的电子、电气、通信设备大多伴有电磁能量的转换,高密度、宽频谱的电磁信号充满了我们周围的环境,构成了极其复杂的电磁环境。为了确保通信系统、控制系统和计算机系统在这样的电磁环     

塞式喷管多参数性能优化计算

从影响塞式喷管推力性能的因素中总结出内喷管倾角，内膨胀比、总膨胀比，燃气总压和飞行高度这五个主要因素，并以推力最大为目标函数运用枚举和逐层优化的方法对上述五个参数的取值进行优化计算，提出了对这五个参数进行优化取值的方法并得到了相关结论，其结论可为实际的塞式喷管发动机设计研制提供部分的理论依据。指导相关设计参数的确定。     

最少燃料消耗的固定推力共面轨道变轨研究

本文研究了推力固定条件下，从圆轨道进入共面圆轨道一次入轨最节省燃料的推力方向控制策略。这类问题都可归结为两点边值问题，对自由初值的选取作了讨论，并采用打靶法迭代求解。计算了从停泊轨道到同步转移道以及两个过地圆轨道之间的最优转移，获得满意的结果。     

蜂窝夹层结构常见制造缺陷分析

蜂窝夹层结构已成为卫星结构设计中广泛应用的重要材料。基于蜂窝夹层结构制造过程的复杂性和不可逆性，注重工艺控制对产品质量的保证是非常重要的。文章对蜂窝夹层结构制造过程中，由于工艺条件不当造成的缺陷和改进方法进行了分析。     

离心加速声中液态浸渗纤维预制体动力学分析

在将纤维预制体视为“毛细管束”的基础上,采用达西定律建立了离心加速场中金属液浸渗纤维预制体的浸渗动力学模型。采用该模型分析了离心加速场中金属液浸渗纤维预制体的临界转速,考察了金属液浅注量、设备转速、铸件高度、金属液原如外半径以及纤维预制体孔隙率对离心加速场中金属 浸润纤维预制体的影响。结果表明,金属液浸润纤维预制体的临界转速只与临界压力、金属液的浇注量、铸件高度以及纤维预制休性质有关;增加金属液浇注量、设备转速及金属液原始外半径,降低铸件高度、预制体纤维体积分数,有利于金属液的浸渗。