Energetic electron fluxes stimulated with pulsed injection of plasma in the ionosphere

Two active experiments have been carried out with a plasma gun on the MR-12 rocket launched from Volgograd. Plasma blobs were injected along (1 experiment) and transverse (2 experiment) the magnetic field lines. In both experiments, the increase of the energetic electron fluxes was registered: in the first experiment it was 2–3 times, and in the second one 10–40 times, larger than the background fluxes before injection. The changes of the spectrum of the energetic electron pulsations have been found also.     

Correlation between vestibular sensitization and leg muscle relaxation under weightlessness simulated by water immersion.

The experiments were designed to determine the contribution of the leg muscle relaxation to the sensitization of the vestibular function under weightlessness, The neuromuscular unit (NMU) discharges were continuously recorded with microelectrodes from the anti-gravitational soleus muscle and its antagonist, the tibialis anterior, of a man standing first upright on the level floor of a dry water tank, and then gradually being immersed in water till it reached his neck; while he was buoyed with an airtube placed under his armpit. In each of the successive states, the caloric nystagmus was evoked, analyzed and compared with the NMU discharge as well as with subjective symptoms associated with the nystagmus. The results indicate that the nystagmogenic activity had a significant correlation with the appearance of the active NMU in the soleus, and they also suggest that the reduction of ascending signals from the antigravity muscles might be one of the causes of atypical vestibular responses occuring in weightlessness.     

ETS-II Experiments Part I: Japan's First Geostationary Satellite

Engineering Test Satellite Type II (ETS-11) "Kiku-2" was launched on February 23, 1977, and positioned in geostationary orbit at 130°E on March 5. Propagation experiments have been carried out by using 3 coherent beacons at 1.7, 11.5, and 34.5 GHz on a 24 h/day basis from late in April. The project and related plans are outlined. The 4 papers which follow in this Transactions introduce the experimental system and preliminary results using data from May to November 1977.     

ETS-II Experiments Part IV: Characteristics of Millimeter and Centimeter Wavelength Propagation

Preliminary results of the ETS-II millimeter and centimeter wavelength propagation experiments are presented based on data collected over one year. Rain attenuation is discussed primarily from the statistical point of view. At 34.5 GHz attenuation in excess of 5, 10, and 19.5 dB were observed 1, 0.3, and 0.1 percent of the test time (5500 hr), respectively. At 11.5 GHz attenuation in excess of 2.5, 4.3, 6.3, 10, and 15.5 dB were observed 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, 0.003, and 0.001 percent of the test time, respectively. Duration time of attenuation is also examined for the benefit of a link design. The longest duration of attenuation of the 34.5-GHz wave exceeding 5 dB was about 150 min. At 11.5 GHz, the longest duration of attenuation in excess of 3 dB, was 60 min and that in excess of 6 dB was 10 min. Rain attenuation is discussed also with relation to the radar and the rain gauge data. Depolarization data of 34.5-GHz and 11.5-GHz waves are orocessed statistically, and it is shown that cross-polarization discriminations in excess of 21.5 dB and 29 dB are observed 0.1 percent of the test time at 34.5 GHz and 11.5 GHz, respectively.     

Batch Recursive Data Compression Schemes for INS Error Estimation

Application of new data compression schemes to aided inertial navigation systems is presented. The need for data compression is motivated by the fact that the external aiding system generates frequent but inaccurate position measurements, which have to be processed by a processor whose computation capability is limited. Two new data compression techniques are presented and their efficiency is demonstrated through covariance simulation runs as well as computational complexity analysis. These schemes are characterized by their ability to process batches of measurements recursively and efficiently. It is demonstrated that the resulting estimation accuracy is comparable to that produced by a Kalman filter which processes optimally the same amount of data, while the required computational effort is reduced.     

Distributed computation with communication delay [distributedintelligent sensor networks]

A linear network of communicating processors is examined. The objective is to solve a computational problem in a minimal amount of time. The processors in the networks may be equipped either with or without front-end processors for communication off-loading. The cases of equal division of processing load and optimal division of processing load are discussed for both the network with front-end processors and the network without front end processors. An example of the inclusion of solution time, the time taken for processors to report the solution back to the problem originator, is also presented     

Weibull-Distributed Ground Clutter

Weibull-distributed ground clutter of cultivated land was measured using an L-band long-range air-route surveillance radar (ARSR) having a 3.0 ?s pulsewidth and a 1.23° beamwidth at very low grazing angles between 0.21° and 0.32°. It is shown that the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution varied from c = 1.507 to c = 2.0, corresponding to the Rayleigh distribution.     

Models of Venus neutral upper atmosphere: Structure and composition

Models of the Venus neutral upper atmosphere, based on both in-situ and remote sensing measurements, are provided for the height interval from 100 to 3,500 km. The general approach in model formulation was to divide the atmosphere into three regions: 100 to 150 km, 150 to 250 km, and 250 to 3,500 km. Boundary conditions at 150 km are consistent with both drag and mass spectrometer measurements. A paramount consideration was to keep the models simple enough to be used conveniently. Available observations are reviewed. Tables are provided for density, temperature, composition (CO₂, O, CO, He, N, N₂, and H), derived quantities, and day-to-day variability as a function of solar zenith angle on the day- and nightsides.Estimates are made of other species, including O₂ and D. Other tables provide corrections for solar activity effects on temperature, composition, and density. For the exosphere, information is provided on the vertical distribution of normal thermal components (H, O, C, and He) as well as the hot components (H, N, C, O) on the day- and nightsides.