风洞风机防喘振模型及其控制策略

以连续式高速风洞中的多级轴流风机为研究对象,分析了其喘振流量条件和风洞多变试验状态下的流量特性,建立了基于风机入口流量和进出口压比的防喘振模型.给出了风机流动相似条件和流量计算方法,测试出了风洞风机通用特性曲线和工作线,基于风机转速区间和工作特性设置了防喘振簇线.基于PLC（programmable logic controller）过程控制和WinCC监控平台,制定了多级冗余防喘振控制策略,并进行了风洞试验验证.结果表明:防喘振模型能准确反映风洞多变试验条件下风机的运行工况和安全裕度;流量与压比重复性测量的标准差分别为0.002和0.001,防喘振控制的重复性精度为0.003;实现了喘振工况的实时判别和自动控制,有效避免了喘振的发生.      

Investigation of the Influence of Magnetic Anomalies on Ion Distributions at Mars

Using data from the Mars Express Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA) we investigate the distribution of ion beams of planetary origin and search for an influence from Mars crustal magnetic anomalies. We have concentrated on ion beams observed inside the induced magnetosphere boundary (magnetic pile-up boundary). Some north-south asymmetry is seen in the data, but no longitudinal structure resembling that of the crustal anomalies. Comparing the occurrence rate of ion beams with magnetic field strength at 400 km altitude below the spacecraft (using statistical Mars Global Surveyor results) shows a decrease of the occurrence rate for modest (< 40 nT) magnetic fields. Higher magnetic field regions (above 40 nT at 400 km) are sampled so seldom that the statistics are poor but the data is consistent with some ion outflow events being closely associated with the stronger anomalies. This ion flow does not significantly affect the overall distribution of ion beams around Mars.     

Novel quaternion Kalman filter

This paper presents a novel Kalman filter (KF) for estimating the attitude-quaternion as well as gyro random drifts from vector measurements. Employing a special manipulation on the measurement equation results in a linear pseudo-measurement equation whose error is state-dependent. Because the quaternion kinematics equation is linear, the combination of the two yields a linear KF that eliminates the usual linearization procedure and is less sensitive to initial estimation errors. General accurate expressions for the covariance matrices of the system state-dependent noises are developed. In addition, an analysis shows how to compute these covariance matrices efficiently. An adaptive version of the filter is also developed to handle modeling errors of the dynamic system noise statistics. Monte-Carlo simulations are carried out that demonstrate the efficiency of both versions of the filter. In the particular case of high initial estimation errors, a typical extended Kalman filter (EKF) fails to converge whereas the proposed filter succeeds.     

双层壳型冲击/气膜结构内表面换热特性实验

以双层壳型冲击/气膜复合冷却结构的平壁模型作为研究对象,进行了该种结构典型冷却单元的放大模型实验研究。通过改变冲击Re数(10 000~40 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.17~2.0),冲击孔和气膜孔间距与冲击孔直径之比P/D(0~5.0)等参数,利用热膜法研究了该典型冷却单元结构中内表面的换热特性。研究结果表明:参数Re,H/D,P/D对内表面局部换热系数的影响呈现出复杂的关联性。在本文的实验工况参数条件下,随着冲击Re数的增加,内表面换热效果逐步增强;并且存在一个最佳的H/D和P/D范围使得内表面换热效果最佳。综合分析实验结果,当H/D=0.67,P/D=3时,双层壳型冲击/气膜冷却结构内表面能达到最佳的换热效果。     

摩擦系数对燕尾榫微动疲劳特性的影响

在燕尾榫连接接头的微动疲劳特性分析中,考虑接触表面质量,即摩擦系数的影响.给出了摩擦系数对接头应力水平、摩擦功和微动磨损参数之间的关系.分析表明：按照传统方法,将摩擦系数取为常数时所确定的裂纹萌生位置偏于危险,由于摩擦系数的变化,裂纹既可能在榫头上萌生,也可能在榫槽上萌生;摩擦系数对接头的切向应力和摩擦功等参数也有一定的影响.     

轴流压缩机叶栅内粒子沉积及性能下降计算中沉积模型的影响

针对轴流压缩机叶栅内固体微粒沉积的问题,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件对压缩机叶栅内的气固两相流动进行了模拟。文中首先采用简单粘附模型对轴流压缩机叶栅内粒子的沉积进行了计算;在此基础上,通过引入临界速度和临界角度的概念,采用用户定义子程序发展了一种新的粒子沉积模型,简称为部分沉积模型。并将采用部分沉积模型和简单沉积模型计算得到的粒子沉积结果进行了对比,结果表明部分沉积模型得到的粒子沉积更合理。在此基础上,采用部分沉积模型预测了轴流压缩机叶栅总压损失系数随运行时间的变化和500小时后叶片壁面的压力系数分布情况。     

Pursuer identification and time-to-go estimation using passive measurements from an evader

We present an algorithm for identifying the parameters of a proportional navigation guidance missile (pursuer) pursuing an airborne target (evader) using angle-only measurements from the latter. This is done for the purpose of classifying the missile so that appropriate counter-measures can be taken. Mathematical models are constructed for a pursuer with a changing velocity, i.e., a direction change and a speed change. Assuming the pursuer is launched from the ground with fixed thrust, its motion can be described by a four-dimensional parameter vector consisting of its proportional navigation constant and three parameters related to thrusting. Consequently, the problem can be solved as a parameter estimation problem, rather than state estimation and we provide an estimator based on maximum likelihood (ML) to solve it. The parameter estimates obtained can be mapped into the time-to-go until intercept estimation results are presented for different scenarios together with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), which quantifies the best achievable estimation accuracy. The accuracy of the time-to-go estimate is also obtained. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator is efficient by meeting the CRLB.     

微型飞行器相关布局气动特性实验研究

微型飞行器由于飞行雷诺数比较低,其流动现象和机理比较复杂,对其进行相关的实验研究是尤其的必要且可行。本次试验通过由带有一定厚度和弯度的翼型构成的矩形机翼和反齐默曼机翼的对比实验、不同弯度的对比试验、不同参数的鸭翼实验以及翼尖小翼实验,重点分析了平面布局、弯度、鸭翼以及翼尖小翼对气动特性的影响。试验结果表明:在带有一定厚度和弯度的情况下反齐默曼气动性能好于矩形翼;适当的弯度能提高飞行器升力特性和纵向稳定性;鸭翼能有效地提高微型飞行器的气动特性;翼尖小翼能改善飞行器的升阻特性。     

CFRP双剪单钉连接接头强度分析

双剪连接接头是复合材料结构连接设计的主要环节。针对T300／KH304复合材料层合板的双剪连接形式，分析了单钉连接情况下的接头强度，并采用Yamada-Sun准则预测了该层合板结构双剪连接接头的破坏载荷。结果表明：该接头的破坏模式主要呈现为挤压破坏；Yamada-Sun准则可以较好地预测该结构的破坏载荷；所预测的接头的破坏载荷及破坏模式，试验结果与数值分析结果比较一致。     

Multisensor resource deployment using posterior Cramer-Rao bounds

The development of a general framework for the systematic management of multiple sensors in target tracking in the presence of clutter is described. The basis of the technique is to quantify, and subsequently control, the accuracy of target state estimation. The posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound (PCRLB) provides the means of achieving this aim by enabling us to determine a bound on the performance of all unbiased estimators of the unknown target state. The general approach is then to use optimization techniques to control the measurement process in order to achieve accurate target state estimation. We are concerned primarily with the deployment and utilization of limited sensor resources. We also allow for measurement origin uncertainty, with sensor measurements either target-generated or false alarms. An example in which the aim is to track a submarine by deploying a series of constant false-alarm rate passive sonobuoys is presented. We show that by making some standard assumptions, the effect of the measurement origin uncertainty can be expressed as a state-dependent information reduction factor which can be calculated off-line. This enables the Fisher information matrix (FIM) to be calculated quickly, allowing Cramer-Rao bounds to be utilized for real-time, dynamic sensor management. The sensor management framework is shown to determine deployment strategies that enable the target to be accurately localized, and at the same time efficiently utilize the limited sensor resources.