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951.
Tracking considerations in selection of radar waveform for rangeand range-rate measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ruixin Niu Willett P. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2002,38(2):467-487
The conventional approach for tracking system design is to treat the detection and tracking subsystems as completely independent units. However, the two subsystems can be designed jointly to improve system (tracking) performance. It is known that different radar signal waveforms result in very different resolution cell shapes (for example, a rectangle versus an eccentric parallelogram) in the range/range-rate space, and that there are corresponding differences in overall tracking performance. We develop a framework for the analysis of this performance. An imperfect detection process, false alarms, target dynamics, and the matched filter sampling grid are all accounted for, using the Markov chain approach of Li and Bar-Shalom. The role of the grid is stressed, and it is seen that the measurement-extraction process from contiguous radar "hits" is very important. A number of conclusions are given, perhaps the most interesting of which is the corroboration in the new measurement space of Fitzgerald's result for delay-only (i.e., range) measurements, that a linear FM upsweep offers very good tracking performance 相似文献
952.
Scattering of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation by hot gas in clusters of galaxies produces a unique spectral signature – the Sunyaev–Zeldovich (S–Z) effect – that constitutes an important cosmological probe. The effect has been sensitively measured in more than 40 clusters, mostly with ground-based interferometric arrays operating at low microwave frequencies. These measurements have already yielded important information on cluster masses, and the Hubble constant. The scientific yield will be greatly increased when spectral and high-resolution spatial measurements of the effect in a large sample of nearby clusters will be made with stratospheric telescopes equipped with bolometric arrays. I review the current status of observational and theoretical S–Z work, and describe the main goals and challenges of using the effect as a more precise probe of cluster properties and cosmological parameters. 相似文献
953.
探讨了一种车辆性能与尾气监测系统(VPEMS)的设计.该系统装有发动机管理系统(EMS),具有多种传感器系统车辆的接口能力.文中阐述了适用于验证柴油机和汽油机数据的程序方法.VPEMS原型系统的试验包括对两台装有各种仪器车辆的试验台测试及野外测试.试验结果表明,每个子系统均达到了预定指标,其中一氧化碳、二氧化碳和一氧化氮量与实际监测值的偏差分别小于11.5%, 8.1%和17.7%.基于试验结果,文中给出了一个创建车辆性能、尾气与时间和空间相关的参考数据库实例. 相似文献
954.
On joint track initiation and parameter estimation under measurement origin uncertainty 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Huimin Chen Li X.R. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2004,40(2):675-694
The problem of joint detection and estimation for track initiation under measurement origin uncertainty is studied. The two well-known approaches, namely the maximum likelihood estimator with probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) and the multiple hypotheses tracking (MHT) via multiframe assignment, are characterized as special cases of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and their performance limits indicated. A new detection scheme based on the optimal gating is proposed and the associated parameter estimation scheme modified within the ML-PDA framework. A simplified example shows the effectiveness of the new algorithm in detection performance under heavy clutter. Extension of the results to state estimation with measurement origin uncertainty is also discussed with emphasis on joint detection and recursive state estimation. 相似文献
955.
Sinha A. Kirubarajan T. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2007,43(3):1107-1108
Explicit expressions are derived for the bias and the variance of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of the Gumbel distribution. 相似文献
956.
Bashan E. Weiss A.J. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2007,43(4):1250-1264
We examine large-sample properties of the maximum- likelihood estimator (MLE) in the vicinity of points where the Fisher information measure (FIM) equals zero. Under mild regularity conditions the MLE is asymptotically efficient and therefore lower bounded by the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) [5], which diverges for such points. When a linear sensor array is used for angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation, the CRLB diverges as the AOA approaches pi/2. We provide new results characterizing the MLE performance in the AOA problem. 相似文献
957.
Multiassignment for tracking a large number of overlapping objects[and application to fibroblast cells] 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kirubarajan T. Bar-Shalom Y. Pattipati K.R. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2001,37(1):2-21
In this paper we present a new technique for data association using multiassignment for tracking a large number of closely spaced (and overlapping) objects. The algorithm is illustrated on a biomedical problem, namely the tracking of a group of fibroblast (tissue) cells from an image sequence, which motivated this work. Because of their proximity to one another and due to the difficulties in segmenting the images accurately from a poor-quality image sequence, the cells are effectively closely spaced objects (CSOs). The algorithm presents a novel dichotomous, iterated approach to multiassignment using successive one-to-one assignments of decreasing size with modified costs. The cost functions, which are adjusted depending on the “depth” of the current assignment level and on the tracking results, are derived. The resulting assignments are used to form, maintain and terminate tracks with a modified version of the probabilistic data association (PDA) filter, which can handle the contention for a single measurement among multiple tracks in addition to the association of multiple measurements to a single track. Estimation results are given and compared with those of the standard 2D one-to-one assignment algorithm. It is shown that iterated multiassignment results in superior measurement-to-track association. The algorithms presented can be used for other general tracking problems, including dense air traffic surveillance and control 相似文献
958.
T Nakamura Y Negishi R Funada M Yamada 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,27(5):957-960
We examined whether sedimentable amyloplasts act as statolith in the perception of gravity in woody stems using the elongated internodes of Japanese cherry (Prunus jamasakura Sieb. ex Koidz.). In the internode of the seedlings grown on earth, amyloplasts were found sedimented at the distal end of each cell of the endodermal starch sheath tissue. In the internode grown on three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat, amyloplasts were dispersed throughout the cell matrix in the endodermal starch sheath tissue. After changing the positions of the internode from vertical to horizontal, re-sedimentation of amyloplasts toward the direction of gravity was completed in 1h, whereas the bending of the internode was observed after 12 days. We propose that sedimentable amyloplasts in the endodermal starch sheath cells may play a role in gravity perception leading to secondary xylem formation in the secondary thickening growth and eccentric growth in gravi-bending of tree stems. 相似文献
959.
Morton Y.T. French M.P. Zhou Q. Tsui J.B.Y. Lin D.M. Miller M.M. Janning D. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》2005,20(1):28-33
Ever since the FCC approved the use of UWB devices in commercial and federal bands, various agencies whose operations and/or products rely on the integrity of signals within certain "restricted" radio frequency bands have voiced concerns over the potential impact of the UWB interference. GPS signals are among these "restricted" bands. Several groups in the GPS community have conducted experimental studies concerning the impact of UWB interference on the performance of various grades of commercial and aviation GPS receivers. In this paper, we present a software approach to simulate and evaluate UWB interference on GPS receivers. The software approach provides greater flexibility in the design of testing scenarios, such as the inclusion of a large number of aggregated UWB devices, the generation of new UWB signals and modulation schemes, and the possibility of extending the study to new GPS signals. The paper discusses a general framework for developing algorithms to evaluate UWB and GPS interference under a wide variety of hardware and software conditions. This framework consists of three classes of components: input, processing, and analysis. The input components are responsible for the generation of UWB signal waveforms and modulation schemes, and GPS signals. The processing components include a simulated model of GPS RF front end and software implementation of GPS processing blocks, such as acquisition, tracking, and post-processing. The analysis components focus on the study of specific receiver processing component outputs. Both real and simulated UWB signals can be used in the study. The real UWB signals are primarily used to validate the simulation procedure, whereas the simulated UWB signals are used to allow the immediate incorporation of new UWB waveforms and modulations in the evaluations. This paper presents details of the software components developed and the preliminary results achieved 相似文献
960.
T. Okajima Y. Tawara Y. Ogasaka K. Tamura A. Furuzawa K. Yamashita H. Kunieda 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2682-2687
X-ray telescopes have been providing high sensitivity X-ray observations in numerous missions. For X-ray telescopes in the future, one of the key technologies is to expand the energy band beyond 10 keV. We designed depth-graded multilayer, so-called supermirrors, for a hard X-ray telescope in the energy band up to 40 keV using lightweight thin-foil optics. They were successfully flown in a balloon flight and obtained a hard X-ray image of Cyg X-1 in the 20–40 keV band. Now supermirrors are promising to realize a hard X-ray telescope. We have estimated the performance of a hard X-ray telescope using a platinum–carbon supermirror for future satellite missions, such as NeXT (Japan) and XEUS (Europe). According to calculations, they will have a significant effective area up to 80 keV, and their effective areas will be more than 280 cm2 even at 60 keV. Limiting sensitivity will be down to 1.7 × 10−13 erg cm−2 s−1 in the 10–80 keV band at a 100 ks observation. In this paper, we present the results of the balloon experiment with the first supermirror flown and projected effective areas of hard X-ray telescopes and action items for future missions. 相似文献