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101.
N. Gopalswamy Z. Mikić D. Maia D. Alexander H. Cremades P. Kaufmann D. Tripathi Y.-M. Wang 《Space Science Reviews》2006,123(1-3):303-339
The coronal mass ejection (CME) phenomenon occurs in closed magnetic field regions on the Sun such as active regions, filament regions, transequatorial interconnection regions, and complexes involving a combination of these. This chapter describes the current knowledge on these closed field structures and how they lead to CMEs. After describing the specific magnetic structures observed in the CME source region, we compare the substructures of CMEs to what is observed before eruption. Evolution of the closed magnetic structures in response to various photospheric motions over different time scales (convection, differential rotation, meridional circulation) somehow leads to the eruption. We describe this pre-eruption evolution and attempt to link them to the observed features of CMEs. Small-scale energetic signatures in the form of electron acceleration (signified by nonthermal radio bursts at metric wavelengths) and plasma heating (observed as compact soft X-ray brightening) may be indicative of impending CMEs. We survey these pre-eruptive energy releases using observations taken before and during the eruption of several CMEs. Finally, we discuss how the observations can be converted into useful inputs to numerical models that can describe the CME initiation. 相似文献
102.
The measurement that is “closest” to the predicted target measurement is known as the “nearest neighbor” (NN) measurement in tracking. A common method currently in wide use for tracking in clutter is the so-called NN filter, which uses only the NN measurement as if it were the true one. The purpose of this work is two fold. First, the following theoretical results are derived: the a priori probabilities of all three data association events (updates with correct measurement, with incorrect measurement, and no update), the probability density functions (pdfs) of the NN measurement conditioned on the association events, and the one-step-ahead prediction of the matrix mean square error (MSE) conditioned on the association events. Secondly, a technique for prediction without recourse to expensive Monte Carlo simulations of the performance of tracking in clutter with the NN filter is presented. It can quantify the dynamic process of tracking divergence as well as the steady-state performance. The technique is a new development along the line of the recently developed general approach to the performance prediction of algorithm with both continuous and discrete uncertainties 相似文献
103.
The effect of gravity on surface temperature and net photosynthetic rate of plant leaves. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Y Kitaya M Kawai J Tsuruyama H Takahashi A Tani E Goto T Saito M Kiyota 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,28(4):659-664
To clarify the effects of gravity on heat/gas exchange between plant leaves and the ambient air, the leaf temperatures and net photosynthetic rates of plant leaves were evaluated at 0.01, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 G of 20 seconds each during a parabolic airplane flight. Thermal images of leaves were captured using infrared thermography at an air temperature of 26 degrees C, a relative humidity of 15% and an irradiance of 260 W m-2. The net photosynthetic rates were determined by using a chamber method with an infrared gas analyzer at an air temperature of 20 degrees C, a relative humidity of 50% and a photosynthetic photon flux of 0.5 mmol m-2 s-1. The mean leaf temperature increased by 1 degree C and the net photosynthetic rate decreased by 13% with decreasing gravity levels from 1.0 to 0.01 G. The leaf temperature decreased by 0.5 degree C and the net photosynthetic rate increased by 7% with increasing gravity levels from 1.0 to 2.0 G. Heat/gas exchanges between leaves and the ambient air were more retarded at lower gravity levels. A restricted free air convection under microgravity conditions in space would limit plant growth by retarding heat and gas exchanges between leaves and the ambient air. 相似文献
104.
Ground performance of air conditioning and water recycle system for a Space Plant Box. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A Tani T Okuma E Goto Y Kitaya T Saito H Takahashi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,27(9):1557-1562
Researchers from 5 Japanese universities have developed a plant growth facility (Space Plant Box) for seed to seed experiments under microgravity. The breadboard model of the Space Plant Box was fabricated by assembling subsystems developed for microgravity. The subsystems include air conditioning and water recycle system, air circulation system, water and nutrient delivery system, lighting system and plant monitoring system. The air conditioning and water recycle system is simply composed of a single heat exchanger, two fans and hydrophilic fibrous strings. The strings allow water movement from the cooler fin in the Cooling Box to root supporting materials in the Plant Growth Chamber driven by water potential deficit. Relative humidity in the Plant Growth Chamber can be changed over a wide range by controlling the ratio of latent heat exchange to sensible heat exchange on the cooling fin of the heat exchanger. The transpiration rate was successfully measured by circulating air inside the Plant Growth Chamber only. Most water was recycled and a small amount of water needed to be added from the outside. The simple, air conditioning and water recycle system for the Space Plant Box showed good performance through a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growth experiment. 相似文献
105.
Yu. I. Yermolaev A. A. Petrukovich L. M. Zelenyi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2002,30(12):2695-2700
We use ion distribution measurements with CORALL instrument on-board the INTERBALL/Tail spacecraft to study plasma flows in the mid-tail (−9> X> −27 RE) plasma sheet. Three velocity components computed every 2 minutes exhibit two types of velocity variations: Earthward bursty bulk flows (BBFs) and random flow fluctuations. Their properties are in a good agreement with the observations of the ISEE-2 spacecraft (Borovsky et al., 1997). The INTERBALL/Tail spacecraft configuration favors measurements of Vz component, in contrast to previous experiments in which only Vx and Vy were measured reliably. In the outer part of the plasma sheet Vy and Vz fluctuations were close to each other (variances σ(Vy) and σ(Vz) were about 160 and 110 km/s, respectively), but in the inner part at the dusk flank amplitude of Vy fluctuations increased and was 2 times higher than that of Vz component. This asymmetry of fluctuations should be taken into account during modern theoretical analysis and simulations. 相似文献
106.
V. I. Moroz 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(12):113-121
There is important progress now in the identifications and measurements of primary (parent) molecules in the inner coma of Comet Halley. H2O, CO2 and CO are definitely in the list, CH and some complicate organic molecules are suspected. Gas production rate for water vapor is QH2O 1030 s−1. The bulk of data doesn't contradict to the Whipple model of nucleus (with clathrate modification). Pronounced spatial structure of gaseous flow in the coma was observed, but in general measured properties of neutral gas in the coma of Comet Halley are not very different from predicted. Situation for dust is different. In situ dust measurements show that size spectrum and optical properties of particles in coma are substantively declining from predicted on the base of groundbased photometry. However there are discrepancies between Vega and Giotto dust counter data. Dust in the inner coma didn't prevent the succesful imaging of nucleus by TV on Vega 1 and 2. 相似文献
107.
N. Singh B. I. Vashi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(12):53-56
Collection of electrons by a long conducting cylinder in a flowing plasma is studied by means of numerical simulations. The plasma flow simulates the relative motion between a spacecraft and plasma. The sheath structures and the levels of electron current collections for the cases with and without an ambient magnetic field (
) are studied. It is found that for the flow perpendicular to the magnetic field, the current is considerably enhanced depending on the relative drift velocity. In the case of a non-zero magnetic field perpendicular to the cylinder axis, the potential structure is a two-dimensional double layer with dimensions L L|, where L and L| are the dimensions perpendicular and parallel to
, respectively. L is found to be the current limiting radius given by the Parker-Murphy model. For the flow along
, the electron current is found to be smaller than that for the flow perpendicular to
. This is explained in terms of the potential structures. 相似文献
108.
N. I. Akishev I. I. Zakirov V. A. Ivanov V. N. Paimushin M. A. Shishov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2011,54(2):115-124
The known analytical solutions of the linearized stability problems for rectangular hinged plates under the combined loading
are generalized to the similar problems for skew plates, the deformation mechanics of which is described by the equations
of the classical theory formed in the oblique Cartesian coordinates. 相似文献
109.
The basic steps of an algorithm are given for calculating the parameters of the limiting state of a helicopter main rotor
blade. To estimate the static strength, a technique of elastic constants variation is used; it is based on the limit equilibrium
theory and enables us to obtain the upper and lower bounds for the critical load simultaneously. An iterative technique is
proposed to determine the lower bound of the allowable load on the root section of the composite blade depending on the azimuthal
angle of its turn in the helicopter hovering mode. 相似文献
110.
I. Martínez J.M. Perales 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The experimental results obtained in experiment “STACO” made on board the Spacelab D-2 are re-visited, with image-analysis tools not then available. The configuration consisted of a liquid bridge between two solid supporting discs. An expected breakage occurred during the experiment. The recorded images are analysed and the measured behaviour compared with the results of a three dimensional model of the liquid dynamics, obtaining a much better fit than with linear models. 相似文献