基于注意资源分配的情境意识模型

为预测飞行员情境意识的变化情况,在前期建立的注意资源分配模型及情境意识模型基础上,考虑任务环境中信息成分重要度对情境意识水平的影响,并结合人的认知特性及贝叶斯条件概率理论,提出了一种新的情境意识量化模型和求解方法.为验证模型的效度,采用20名被试在不同任务条件下开展仪表监视实验,并采用情境意识全面测量技术（SAGAT,Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique）、三维度情境意识评定技术（3-D SART,3-Dimensional Situational Awareness Rating Technique）、操作绩效和眼动测量4种方法,对不同任务条件下的情境意识水平进行测评.综合测评结果表明,根据预测模型计算所得的情境意识水平变化趋势与被试实际操作所获得的实验结果高度相关.提出的情境意识量化模型对指导驾驶舱人机显示界面设计和减少人为失误有一定的参考价值.     

An experimental analysis of situation awareness for cockpit display interface evaluation based on flight simulation

Aircraft cockpit display interface (CDI) is one of the most important human-machine interfaces for information perceiving. During the process of aircraft design, situation awareness (SA) is frequently considered to improve the design, as the CDI must provide enough SA for the pilot to maintain the flight safety. In order to study the SA in the pilot-aircraft system, a cockpit flight simulation environment is built up, which includes a virtual instrument panel, a flight visual display and the corresponding control system. Based on the simulation environment, a human-in-the-loop experiment is designed to measure the SA by the situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT). Through the experiment, the SA degrees and heart rate (HR) data of the subjects are obtained, and the SA levels under different CDI designs are analyzed. The results show that analyzing the SA can serve as an objective way to evaluate the design of CDI, which could be proved from the consistent HR data. With this method, evaluations of the CDI design are performed in the experimental flight simulation environment, and optimizations could be guided through the analysis.     

A model for discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface

With respect to the ergonomic evaluation and optimization in the mental task design of the aircraft cockpit display interface, the experimental measurement and theoretical modeling of mental workload were carried out under flight simulation task conditions using the performance evaluation, subjective evaluation and physiological measurement methods. The experimental results show that with an increased mental workload, the detection accuracy of flight operation significantly reduced and the reaction time was significantly prolonged; the standard deviation of R-R intervals（SDNN） significantly decreased, while the mean heart rate exhibited little change; the score of NASA_TLX scale significantly increased. On this basis, the indexes sensitive to mental workload were screened, and an integrated model for the discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface was established based on the Bayesian Fisher discrimination and classification method. The original validation and cross-validation methods were employed to test the accuracy of the results of discrimination and prediction of the integrated model, and the average prediction accuracies determined by these two methods are both higher than 85%. Meanwhile, the integrated model shows a higher accuracy in discrimination and prediction of mental workload compared with single indexes. The model proposed in this paper exhibits a satisfactory coincidence with the measured data and could accurately reflect the variation characteristics of the mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface, thus providing a basis for the ergonomic evaluation and optimization design of the aircraft cockpit display interface in the future.     

脑力负荷对前注意加工的影响与分析

为研究与飞行任务相关的脑力负荷对听觉前注意加工的影响,采用14名被试者在不同脑力负荷下开展飞行模拟实验,并记录失匹配负波(MMN, Mismatch Negativity)作为听觉前注意加工的评价指标.被试者需要在飞行模拟器上完成包括起飞、巡航、降落在内的完整飞行过程,同时对平视显示器所呈现的目标信息状态进行监视,并对异常信息进行响应.实验通过设定目标信息的数量及刷新频率来控制被试者的脑力负荷水平.实验结果表明:脑力负荷对额中央区MMN影响显著,可为复杂飞行任务的脑力负荷评价提供一定的电生理依据.     

多因素条件下注意力分配建模

为预测飞行员注意力分配情况,在混合熵最大化模型的基础上,从信息加工的两条通路入手,应用主观期望效能理论及SEEV(Salient-Expectancy-Effort-Value)模型思想,提出了一个基于信息重要度、发生概率、突显性及努力的预测模型.为验证模型的效度,采用16名被试在不同任务权重及信息呈现方式下开展仪表监视实验,记录注视点分布作为注意力分配的评价指标.被试需要对平视显示器仿真界面中的目标信息状态进行监视,并通过按指定键对异常信息进行响应.实验结果表明:根据预测模型所计算的注意力分配理论值与被试注视点分布的实验值显著相关且吻合较好,可为飞机座舱显示界面的设计提供依据.     

AerMet100—极好综合性能的超高强度钢

介绍了综合性能优良并有广泛应用前景的新型超高强度钢ＡｅｒＭｅｒ１００，与经超高强度钢相比，它具有更突出的综合性能；高强度、高硬度、高断裂韧性和延展性、优良的抗疲劳性能和抗应力开裂性能。     

负荷条件下注意力分配策略对情境意识的影响

为探究负荷条件下不同注意力分配策略对情境意识（SA）的影响，招募22名被试开展了3种注意力分配策略（平均分配、主次分配、多级分配）×2种脑力负荷（低负荷、高负荷）条件下的被试内双因素设计的实验任务，记录情境意识全面测量技术（SAGAT）、行为绩效、眼动和脑电（EEG）指标为因变量。实验结果表明，在不同脑力负荷下，相较于多级注意力分配策略和主次注意力分配策略，平均注意力分配策略的SAGAT得分和绩效正确率均更低、最小近邻指数（NNI）更大；在高脑力负荷下，相较于多级注意力分配策略，主次注意力分配策略的SAGAT得分更高、绩效反应时间更短并且NNI值更低；SAGAT得分与平均注视时间、NNI、θ相对功率和α相对功率均存在显著低度相关。本研究结果提示，在不同脑力负荷条件下，采用平均注意力分配策略可能导致作业人员的注意力更为分散，从而产生更差的工作绩效和更低的SA水平；而在高脑力负荷条件下，相比于多级注意力分配策略，主次注意力分配策略更有助于作业人员提取关键信息并维持更好的SA水平，但同时可能存在SA丧失的风险；眼动的平均注视时间和NNI指标以及EEG的θ和α相对功率指标具有较好的表征SA的潜力。     

16Co14Ni10Cr2Mo钢冲击裂纹的形成和扩展机制

研究了16Co14Ni10Cr2Mo钢在冲击载荷下的断裂机制。研究发现，该钢种裂纹钝化方式为角形钝化，裂纹的扩展是高能界面上空穴连接够有选择性的过程，与一次空穴和二次空穴的形成有关。     

电化学加工机器人动态性能设计与优化研究

工业机器人工作空间大、姿态灵活、可配置性高，且成本低，广泛应用于搬运、装配、喷涂和焊接等多个领域。但由于机器人末端轨迹精度不高，低速波动大，在电化学加工领域的应用很少。根据电化学加工低速、高轨迹精度特点，提出采用象限法设定电化学加工机器人工作区域，建立电化学加工机器人动力学优化函数，采用第三代非支配遗传算法NSGA-Ⅲ求解各设计参数最优Pareto解集，通过仿真和实验进行了动态性能测试验证。结果表明在设定工作区域内，电化学加工机器人直线轨迹精度可达0.073 mm，圆弧轨迹精度可达0.145 mm，低速工况下轨迹精度相比传统工业机器人提高近10倍。