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341.
This review addresses the deep interior structure of Mercury. Mercury is thought to consist of similar chemical reservoirs (core, mantle, crust) as the other terrestrial planets, but with a relatively much larger core. Constraints on Mercury’s composition and internal structure are reviewed, and possible interior models are described. Large advances in our knowledge of Mercury’s interior are not only expected from imaging of characteristic surface features but particularly from geodetic observations of the gravity field, the rotation, and the tides of Mercury. The low-degree gravity field of Mercury gives information on the differences of the principal moments of inertia, which are a measure of the mass concentration toward the center of the planet. Mercury’s unique rotation presents several clues to the deep interior. From observations of the mean obliquity of Mercury and the low-degree gravity data, the moments of inertia can be obtained, and deviations from the mean rotation speed (librations) offer an exciting possibility to determine the moment of inertia of the mantle. Due to its proximity to the Sun, Mercury has the largest tides of the Solar System planets. Since tides are sensitive to the existence and location of liquid layers, tidal observations are ideally suited to study the physical state and size of the core of Mercury.  相似文献   
342.
Events in energetic solar protons with the energy > 4 MeV at the stage of their decay are considered for the period from 1974 to 2001. It is shown that in the events with the exponential shape of decay for west flares (relative to the observation point), the characteristic decay time τ and the power index γ of the energy spectrum decrease with an increase in the angular distance between the observer and the source of the particles on the Sun, while this effect is absent for east flares.  相似文献   
343.
The temperature and emissivity of infrared and submillimeter telescopes are basic parameters that drive the optical and thermal design of astronomical space projects. They determine also, among other parameters, the self-emission of the instrument and the photon noise produced by this radiation on the detectors. By comparing the telescope brightness with that of the sky in the 1m–1 cm wavelength range, general conditions for background limited photometry are derived. For <0.4 mm, temperature is the driving parameter, and for >0.4 mm, temperature and emissivity have equivalent importances. It can be shown on actual projects that these two regimes determine different optical and thermal concepts. Although based on a simplistic approach, this work intends to help designers to handle some basic system parameters of infrared and submillimeter instruments.  相似文献   
344.
It is the purpose of this review to summarize and discuss recent research done in the field of particle propagation in the heliosphere. Several lines of approach have been followed to treat this problem. As a starting point the different forms of the transport equation are discussed. Quasi-Linear Theory (QLT) relates the power contained in fluctuations of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the transport coefficients of energetic particles, an outline of the basic results of this theory is presented followed by a discussion of subsequent corrections made to the original formulation with an emphasis in recent developments where the effects of wave polarization, its propagation respect to the solar wind and the dissipation of power at large frequencies have been taken into account. The numerical approach using test particle trajectory integrations to obtain transport coefficients based on in situ satellite measureents is also discussed. It is well known that the determination of the particles mean free path for solar particle events by alternative methods leads to conflicting results, corrections made to original QLT are attempts to bridge the gap. Determination of the transport parameters from different lines of approach in a comparative basis have been done recently by calculating power spectra of IMF measured at the time solar particles were detected on the same spaceprobe, and performing numerical simulations with equivalent IMF data. Some of the results of such studies point to the solution of the conflicting determinations of the mean free path which has existed for nearly 30 years. An assesment of the present situation in this respect is given. Numerical determinations of transport parameters in the outer heliosphere are also reviewed and its consequences for solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays discussed. Space Science Reviews 62: Printed in Belgium.  相似文献   
345.
Recent discoveries of planets orbiting several nearby solar-mass stars have focussed renewed attention on the frequency and evolution of planetary systems and their evolutionary precursors around both solar and intermediate (2 M/M 8) mass stars. As a result of a wealth of new observations at all wavelengths of the circumstellar material around the nearest of the young intermediate-mass stars, the so-called Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars, we are beginning to see how these systems are similar to the solar mass objects, and how they differ. A review of the recent literature is presented, including the evolutionary status of the stars, binary frequency and the star forming environment, the morphology of the circumstellar material, including the first direct detections of disks in Keplerian rotation around these objects, and mass loss and infall phenomena. Prospects for advances in this research area as a result of advances in instrumentation are reviewed.  相似文献   
346.
People use spatial and nonspatial information to structure memory for an environment. Two experiments explored interactions between spatial and social categories on map memory when mediated by retrieval (Experiment 1) and encoding (Experiment 2) demands. Participants studied a map depicting business locations (including proprietors' race). In Experiment 1, participants completed two memory tasks, one globally focused and the other locally focused. The global task compressed, while the local task expanded, within-category similarity. Furthermore, processing styles carried over to the subsequent task. Experiment 2 emphasized either the spatial or social category during encoding, which increased that category's weighting in memory. These results extend the work of Maddox, Rapp, Brion, and Taylor, suggesting that retrieval and encoding demands can shift how these categories affect spatial memory.  相似文献   
347.
We tested the hypothesis that a route's memorability is dependent on the frequency with which people are exposed to visual landmarks. Undergraduates learned either a route through an urban area lacking visually salient features, or a route in a neighborhood with many shops and urban objects. They were then asked to recall the learned route in the form of route directions and sketch maps. The results showed higher recall performance for the richer environment. When presented with photographs depicting scenes along the route, participants exposed to the richer environment had higher recognition scores and shorter response times than the others. The data confirm the functional role of landmarks in route memory and wayfinding.  相似文献   
348.
Physical Processes Related to Discharges in Planetary Atmospheres   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper focuses on the rudimentary principles of discharge physics. The kinetic theory of electron transport in gases relevant to planetary atmospheres is examined and results of detailed Boltzmann kinetic calculations are presented for a range of applied electric fields. Comparisons against experimental swarm data are made. Both conventional breakdown and runaway breakdown are covered in detail. The phenomena of transient luminous events (TLEs), particularly sprites, and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) are discussed briefly as examples of discharges that occur in the terrestrial environment. The observations of terrestrial lightning that exist across the electromagnetic spectrum and presented throughout this volume fit well with the broader understanding of discharge physics that we present in this paper. We hope that this material provides the foundation on which explorations in search of discharge processes on other planets can be based and previous evidence confirmed or refuted.  相似文献   
349.
The results of reconstruction of rotational motion of the Foton M-3 satellite during its uncontrolled flight in September 2007 are presented. The reconstruction was performed by processing the data of onboard measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field obtained by the DIMAC instruments. The measurements were carried out continuously throughout the flight, but the processing technique dealt with the data portions covering time intervals of a few orbital revolutions. The data obtained on each such interval were processed jointly by the least squares method with using integration of the equations of satellite motion relative to its center of mass. When processing, the initial conditions of motion and the used mathematical model’s parameters were estimated. The results of processing 16 data sets gave us complete information about the satellite motion. This motion, which began at a low angular velocity, had gradually accelerated and in five days became close to the regular Euler precession of an axisymmetric solid body. At the end of uncontrolled flight the angular velocity of the satellite relative to its lengthwise axis was 0.5 deg/s; the angular velocity projection onto the plane perpendicular to this axis had a magnitude of about 0.18 deg/s.  相似文献   
350.
Loison A  Dubant S  Adam P  Albrecht P 《Astrobiology》2010,10(10):973-988
Laboratory experiments carried out under plausible prebiotic conditions (under conditions that might have occurred at primitive deep-sea hydrothermal vents) in water and involving constituents that occur in the vicinity of submarine hydrothermal vents (e.g., CO, H(2)S, NiS) have disclosed an iterative Ni-catalyzed pathway of C-C bond formation. This pathway leads from CO to various organic molecules that comprise, notably, thiols, alkylmono- and disulfides, carboxylic acids, and related thioesters containing up to four carbon atoms. Furthermore, similar experiments with organic compounds containing various functionalities, such as thiols, carboxylic acids, thioesters, and alcohols, gave clues to the mechanisms of this novel synthetic process in which reduced metal species, in particular Ni(0), appear to be the key catalysts. Moreover, the formation of aldehydes (and ketones) as labile intermediates via a hydroformylation-related process proved to be at the core of the chain elongation process. Since this process can potentially lead to organic compounds with any chain length, it could have played a significant role in the prebiotic formation of lipidic amphiphilic molecules such as fatty acids, potential precursors of membrane constituents.  相似文献   
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