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161.
162.
David Blake David Vaniman Cherie Achilles Robert Anderson David Bish Tom Bristow Curtis Chen Steve Chipera Joy Crisp David Des?Marais Robert T. Downs Jack Farmer Sabrina Feldman Mark Fonda Marc Gailhanou Hongwei Ma Doug W. Ming Richard V. Morris Philippe Sarrazin Ed Stolper Allan Treiman Albert Yen 《Space Science Reviews》2012,170(1-4):341-399
A principal goal of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity is to identify and characterize past habitable environments on Mars. Determination of the mineralogical and chemical composition of Martian rocks and soils constrains their formation and alteration pathways, providing information on climate and habitability through time. The CheMin X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument on MSL will return accurate mineralogical identifications and quantitative phase abundances for scooped soil samples and drilled rock powders collected at Gale Crater during Curiosity’s 1-Mars-year nominal mission. The instrument has a Co X-ray source and a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) detector arranged in transmission geometry with the sample. CheMin’s angular range of 5° to 50° 2θ with <0.35° 2θ resolution is sufficient to identify and quantify virtually all minerals. CheMin’s XRF requirement was descoped for technical and budgetary reasons. However, X-ray energy discrimination is still required to separate Co?Kα from Co?Kβ and Fe?Kα photons. The X-ray energy-dispersive histograms (EDH) returned along with XRD for instrument evaluation should be useful in identifying elements Z>13 that are contained in the sample. The CheMin XRD is equipped with internal chemical and mineralogical standards and 27 reusable sample cells with either Mylar? or Kapton? windows to accommodate acidic-to-basic environmental conditions. The CheMin flight model (FM) instrument will be calibrated utilizing analyses of common samples against a demonstration-model (DM) instrument and CheMin-like laboratory instruments. The samples include phyllosilicate and sulfate minerals that are expected at Gale crater on the basis of remote sensing observations. 相似文献
163.
I. M. Zakirov K. A. Alekseev R. A. Kayumov I. R. Gainutdinov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2009,52(3):347-350
We consider some general problems of improving the strength characteristics of folded cores as well as the corresponding techniques
for modifying the core material polymer surfaces with the use of nanotechnologies and the “mass-strength” criteria. 相似文献
164.
V. Florinski A. Balogh J. R. Jokipii D. J. McComas M. Opher N. V. Pogorelov J. D. Richardson E. C. Stone B. E. Wood 《Space Science Reviews》2009,143(1-4):57-83
Properties of the heliospheric interface, a complex product of an interaction between charged and neutral particles and magnetic fields in the heliosphere and surrounding Circumheliospheric Medium, are far from being fully understood. Recent Voyager spacecraft encounters with the termination shock and their observations in the heliosheath revealed multiple energetic particle populations and noticeable spatial asymmetries not accounted for by the classic theories. Some of the challenges still facing space physicists include the origin of anomalous cosmic rays, particle acceleration downstream of the termination shock, the role of interstellar magnetic fields in producing the global asymmetry of the interface, the influence of charge exchange and interstellar neutral atoms on heliospheric plasma flows, and the signatures of solar magnetic cycle in the heliosheath. These and other outstanding issues are reviewed in this joint report of working groups 4 and 6. 相似文献
165.
Yu. V. Klochkov A. P. Nikolaev A. A. Shubovich S. S. Marchenko 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2013,56(4):327-334
In this paper, we present an algorithm for geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis of the shells of revolution. Use is made of the most proper algorithms for vector interpolation of displacements through the nodal unknowns and an efficient algorithm for obtaining the stress-strain increment relation at a step of loading. By comparing the results of analyzing a geometrically nonlinear shell of revolution obtained on the basis of the ANSYS software with the scalar interpolation of displacements with those obtained on the basis of an author-developed finite element, it has been shown that application of the FEM vector displacement interpolation leads to increasing the accuracy of the finite element solutions in analyzing the stress-strain state of the geometrically nonlinear shells. 相似文献
166.
In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed
non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering,
that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical
situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also
outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we
then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray
emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating
the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the
Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct
non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate.
However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <106 years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result
in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the
difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or
higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario
where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation,
for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely
lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic
injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks
by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion
years. 相似文献
167.
K. S. Kuz’mina I. K. Marchevskii V. S. Moreva E. P. Ryatina 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2017,60(3):398-405
A high-accuracy numerical scheme is proposed for vortex methods of flow simulation around airfoils of arbitrary shape including airfoils with sharp edges, because it does not require the solution continuity on the airfoil. 相似文献
168.
This paper considers issues of designing a gas-turbine engine in the helicopter system at the early design stages. The optimum and rational values of engine working process parameters at different flight speeds of the flight vehicle (FV) are analyzed. Several characteristics of mathematical models (MM) that form the helicopter–engine system, are described. 相似文献
169.
This paper deals with the technical features of designing an information-controlling system to prevent critical operating conditions of the helicopter flight, a technique for evaluating its effectiveness, analysis and synthesis of the measurement channels, forming of warning signals, and information support of the crew in abnormal situations. 相似文献
170.
Yu. A. Gravchenko B. K. Grankin V. V. Kozlov S. V. Chirva 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2017,60(3):327-334
The paper adduces the relators for algebraic operations on graphs using the numeric codes of the graphs. The special algebra of codes has been devised with consideration of the principles of graph transformation. This paper demonstrates the relevance of numeric coding of graphs for solving the problems of enumeration, systematization, and compact representation of the information about the structural and functional characteristics of the systems of flow distribution and conversion of rocket and space technology and for conducting the modeling transformations of given systems in the course of the structural and functional studies as well. 相似文献