工业内窥镜的进步——从简单内窥检测到3D相位测量

无损检测技术的基础就是看到肉眼所看不到的.超声波用于鉴别金属中的缺陷和腐蚀,尤其在焊缝处.放射显影技术可用于检查铸件和夹杂物的管子、分层或其他瑕疵.涡流可用于检查层状表面隐藏的开裂.工业内窥镜(RVI)被广泛用于航天工业,检查飞机部件及结构,从发动机到机身.     

A330客改货即将来临

<正>空客A330客改货(P2F)项目启动于2012年,主要由空客集团和新科宇航的合资公司EADS EFW负责开发,目前各项进展顺利,初步设计评审(PDR)已于今年4月如期结束,下一个关键节点是关键设计评审需要在今年11月前完成,届时关键设计也将同步冻结。预计首套原型机组件将于2015年10月到位,首次改装预计会持续14个月,因此首架A330-300改装型货机将于2017年2月投     

火箭喷管推力偏心高精度计算软件

利用火箭喷管从亚声速、跨声速到超声速的非对称流动数学模型建立了计算喷管推力偏心的理论模型，并采用高精度有限体积TVD格式求解数值方程，可以对火箭发动机喷管的推力偏心特性进行评估与设计，并集成为Nvc软件。该软件完成了从喷管网格生成、数值计算到推力偏心分析全过程，界面友好，使用方便，大大提高了设计效率，通过大量的计算与试验结果的比较，计算结果可以满足工需要，减少试验次数，节约成本，具有广泛的用途。     

基于共轭方程法的跨音速机翼气动力优化设计

 设计状态的机翼气动力特性是设计人员最为关心的指标, 应用控制理论设计方法进行了有升力约束情形下跨音速机翼阻力优化设计研究, 根据给定的目标函数推导了相应的共轭方程和边界条件, 研究了共轭方程的数值求解方法, 以及计算目标函数对设计变量的敏感性导数时所涉及的度量矩阵变分求解问题, 研究了流场计算、共轭方程数值求解、敏感性导数求解和拟牛顿优化算法这几个主要方面的有效结合问题, 发展出了一种跨音速机翼气动力优化设计方法, 进行了跨音速机翼气动力优化设计研究验证, 优化后机翼气动力特性有一定程度的改善, 阻力系数能减少20%左右, 而升力系数有所增大, 说明所发展的设计方法是成功的, 该设计方法在跨音速及复杂外形气动设计方面比以往设计方法具有更好的适用性和优越性。     

Assessment of gas temperature fluctuations in the GTE combustion chamber exit section at generalizing experimental data on fuel combustion efficiency

It is suggested that gas composition at every point of the combustion chamber exit section be characterized by the temperature values T _i (“ideal” temperature) corresponding to the local values of the air-to-fuel coefficient α _i under complete fuel combustion (ν _comb ≈ 1). It is assumed that the values of T _i are distributed over the exit section area (gas mass) linearly and the values of T _imax and T _imin can be determined by the experimental data on the gas temperature fields in the combustion chambers. The distribution of temperatures T _i is used when it is necessary to generalize the experimental data on fuel combustion efficiency in GTE combustion chambers.     

Predicting the probability of occurrence of spread-F over Brazil using neural networks

The probability of occurrence of spread-F can be modeled and predicted using neural networks (NNs). This paper presents a feasibility study into the development of a NN based model for the prediction of the probability of occurrence of spread-F over selected equatorial stations within the Brazilian sector. The input space included the day number (seasonal variation), hour (diurnal variation), sunspot number (measure of the solar activity), magnetic index (measure of the magnetic activity) and magnetic position. Twelve years of spread-F data from Brazil (covering the period 1978–1989) measured at the equatorial site Fortaleza (3.9°S, 38.45°W) and low latitude site Cachoeira Paulista (22.6°S, 45.0°W) are used in the development of an input space and NN architecture for the model. Spread-F data that is believed to be related to plasma bubble developments (range spread-F) was used in the development of the model. The model results show the probability of spread-F occurrence as a function of local time, season and latitude. Results from the Brazilian Sector NN (BSNN) based model are presented in this paper, as well as a comparative analysis with a Brazilian model developed for the same purpose.     

Russia's resurgence: Prospects for space policy and international cooperation

Based on a joint study initiated in 2007–2008 by the Policy planning staff (CAP) of the French Foreign Ministry and the space agency CNES, which brought together experts, researchers and industry insiders, this article considers the factors behind Russia's recent resurgence and the possible revival of its space programme. It examines how far the latter will require international cooperation in order to progress further and discusses likely areas of profitable collaboration with Europe in general and France in particular, given that country's long history of space cooperation with Russia and the need in the mid-term future to share the burden of developing ambitious new space programs. While there is in principle much potential, especially in the area of space transportation, there are also numerous challenges and uncertainties. How these are resolved will affect the level and success of any cooperative efforts of both sides.     

Astrobiologically interesting stars within 10 parsecs of the sun

The existence of life based on carbon chemistry and water oceans relies upon planetary properties, chiefly climate stability, and stellar properties, such as mass, age, metallicity, and galactic orbits. The latter can be well constrained with present knowledge. We present a detailed, up-to-date compilation of the atmospheric parameters, chemical composition, multiplicity, and degree of chromospheric activity for the astrobiologically interesting solar-type stars within 10 parsecs of the Sun. We determined their state of evolution, masses, ages, and space velocities, and produced an optimized list of candidates that merit serious scientific consideration by the future space-based interferometry probes aimed at directly detecting Earthsized extrasolar planets and seeking spectroscopic infrared biomarkers as evidence of photosynthetic life. The initially selected stars number 33 solar-type within the total population (excluding some incompleteness for late M-dwarfs) of 182 stars closer than 10 parsecs. A comprehensive and detailed data compilation for these objects is still lacking; a considerable amount of recent data has so far gone unexplored in this context. We present 13 objects as the nearest "biostars," after eliminating multiple stars, young, chromospherically active, hard x-ray- emitting stars, and low metallicity objects. Three of these "biostars"-- Zeta Tucanae, Beta Canum Venaticorum, and 61 Virginis -- closely reproduce most of the solar properties and are considered as premier targets. We show that approximately 7% of the nearby stars are optimally interesting targets for exobiology.     

REMS: The Environmental Sensor Suite for the Mars Science Laboratory Rover

The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) will investigate environmental factors directly tied to current habitability at the Martian surface during the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. Three major habitability factors are addressed by REMS: the thermal environment, ultraviolet irradiation, and water cycling. The thermal environment is determined by a mixture of processes, chief amongst these being the meteorological. Accordingly, the REMS sensors have been designed to record air and ground temperatures, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed in the horizontal and vertical directions, as well as ultraviolet radiation in different bands. These sensors are distributed over the rover in four places: two booms located on the MSL Remote Sensing Mast, the ultraviolet sensor on the rover deck, and the pressure sensor inside the rover body. Typical daily REMS observations will collect 180 minutes of data from all sensors simultaneously (arranged in 5 minute hourly samples plus 60 additional minutes taken at times to be decided during the course of the mission). REMS will add significantly to the environmental record collected by prior missions through the range of simultaneous observations including water vapor; the ability to take measurements routinely through the night; the intended minimum of one Martian year of observations; and the first measurement of surface UV irradiation. In this paper, we describe the scientific potential of REMS measurements and describe in detail the sensors that constitute REMS and the calibration procedures.     

Survival of spores of the UV-resistant Bacillus subtilis strain MW01 after exposure to low-earth orbit and simulated martian conditions: data from the space experiment ADAPT on EXPOSE-E

In the space experiment "Molecular adaptation strategies of microorganisms to different space and planetary UV climate conditions" (ADAPT), bacterial endospores of the highly UV-resistant Bacillus subtilis strain MW01 were exposed to low-Earth orbit (LEO) and simulated martian surface conditions for 559 days on board the European Space Agency's exposure facility EXPOSE-E, mounted outside the International Space Station. The survival of B. subtilis MW01 spores from both assays (LEO and simulated martian conditions) was determined by a colony-formation assay after retrieval. It was clearly shown that solar extraterrestrial UV radiation (λ≥110?nm) as well as the martian UV spectrum (λ≥200?nm) was the most deleterious factor applied; in some samples only a few spore survivors were recovered from B. subtilis MW01 spores exposed in monolayers. However, if shielded from solar irradiation, about 8% of MW01 spores survived in LEO conditions, and 100% survived in simulated martian conditions, compared to the laboratory controls. The results demonstrate the effect of shielding against the high inactivation potential of extraterrestrial solar UV radiation, which limits the chances of survival of even the highly UV-resistant strain of B. subtilis MW01 in the harsh environments of outer space and the martian surface.