前后缘型线同时可控的乘波体设计

提出了一种前后缘型线同时可控的乘波体设计方法,在马赫数可控的外锥形曲面基准流场中,结合流线追踪技术和混合函数,实现了椭圆前缘转椭圆后缘的乘波体设计,并在设计点(Ma=6.0)和接力点(Ma=4.0)对其进行数值仿真研究。前后缘同时可控的乘波体在型面剧烈过渡处产生了较弱的激波,出口两侧存在高温高压区,后部对称面附近的激波形状由圆弧变为平直线且出口处流场基本均匀,非常有利于与进气道匹配设计。另外,该乘波体具有较高的容积率和预压缩效率,附面层修正后的容积率为0.24,设计点时乘波特性较好,接力点时前部完全乘波,具有较高的升阻比,有黏条件下设计点和接力点的升阻比分别为2.54和2.41。此外,与给定前缘的乘波体相比,其升力、阻力、俯仰力矩和出口增压比都有明显增加,但是升阻比和出口总压恢复系数有所降低,在设计点无黏升阻比由3.56降为3.00。以上研究表明,本文的设计方法可行且更加灵活,拓宽了乘波体的选择范围。     

Imaging Plasma Density Structures in the Soft X-Rays Generated by Solar Wind Charge Exchange with Neutrals

Both heliophysics and planetary physics seek to understand the complex nature of the solar wind’s interaction with solar system obstacles like Earth’s magnetosphere, the ionospheres of Venus and Mars, and comets. Studies with this objective are frequently conducted with the help of single or multipoint in situ electromagnetic field and particle observations, guided by the predictions of both local and global numerical simulations, and placed in context by observations from far and extreme ultraviolet (FUV, EUV), hard X-ray, and energetic neutral atom imagers (ENA). Each proposed interaction mechanism (e.g., steady or transient magnetic reconnection, local or global magnetic reconnection, ion pick-up, or the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) generates diagnostic plasma density structures. The significance of each mechanism to the overall interaction (as measured in terms of atmospheric/ionospheric loss at comets, Venus, and Mars or global magnetospheric/ionospheric convection at Earth) remains to be determined but can be evaluated on the basis of how often the density signatures that it generates are observed as a function of solar wind conditions. This paper reviews efforts to image the diagnostic plasma density structures in the soft (low energy, 0.1–2.0 keV) X-rays produced when high charge state solar wind ions exchange electrons with the exospheric neutrals surrounding solar system obstacles.The introduction notes that theory, local, and global simulations predict the characteristics of plasma boundaries such the bow shock and magnetopause (including location, density gradient, and motion) and regions such as the magnetosheath (including density and width) as a function of location, solar wind conditions, and the particular mechanism operating. In situ measurements confirm the existence of time- and spatial-dependent plasma density structures like the bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause/ionopause at Venus, Mars, comets, and the Earth. However, in situ measurements rarely suffice to determine the global extent of these density structures or their global variation as a function of solar wind conditions, except in the form of empirical studies based on observations from many different times and solar wind conditions. Remote sensing observations provide global information about auroral ovals (FUV and hard X-ray), the terrestrial plasmasphere (EUV), and the terrestrial ring current (ENA). ENA instruments with low energy thresholds (\(\sim1~\mbox{keV}\)) have recently been used to obtain important information concerning the magnetosheaths of Venus, Mars, and the Earth. Recent technological developments make these magnetosheaths valuable potential targets for high-cadence wide-field-of-view soft X-ray imagers.Section 2 describes proposed dayside interaction mechanisms, including reconnection, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and other processes in greater detail with an emphasis on the plasma density structures that they generate. It focuses upon the questions that remain as yet unanswered, such as the significance of each proposed interaction mode, which can be determined from its occurrence pattern as a function of location and solar wind conditions. Section 3 outlines the physics underlying the charge exchange generation of soft X-rays. Section 4 lists the background sources (helium focusing cone, planetary, and cosmic) of soft X-rays from which the charge exchange emissions generated by solar wind exchange must be distinguished. With the help of simulations employing state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic models for the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, models for Earth’s exosphere, and knowledge concerning these background emissions, Sect. 5 demonstrates that boundaries and regions such as the bow shock, magnetosheath, magnetopause, and cusps can readily be identified in images of charge exchange emissions. Section 6 reviews observations by (generally narrow) field of view (FOV) astrophysical telescopes that confirm the presence of these emissions at the intensities predicted by the simulations. Section 7 describes the design of a notional wide FOV “lobster-eye” telescope capable of imaging the global interactions and shows how it might be used to extract information concerning the global interaction of the solar wind with solar system obstacles. The conclusion outlines prospects for missions employing such wide FOV imagers.     

热容燃烧室基于单点温度的热流测量方法研究 *

为了研究推力室内壁面与燃气间的传热特性,获得多喷嘴燃烧室内壁热载分布,从而为推力室设计及热结构分析提供参考,开展了热容燃烧室壁面热流测量方法研究。以位于距内壁一定距离位置的单点测量温度作为输入条件,文章提出了三种热流计算方法,并进行火箭发动机试验研究,得到了对应位置燃气对内壁的热流密度。可以看出,运用单点方法得到的热流密度与传统两点法结果符合较好,两者计算结果误差在10%以内。结果显示:不同点火时长工况下在同一位置相同时间点上重复性很好,在燃烧室圆柱段热流密度随着点火时长的增加而减小,而在喷管段变化规律则相反,热流密度随时间增加而增加。在提出的计算平均热流的三种方法中,热积累方法的计算结果最高,热平衡方法次之,瞬态法最低。在火箭发动机热容试验中,本文提出的方法可以用于测量燃烧室内壁面热流密度。     

用时域法EIS技术研究LY12CZ 铝合金的局部腐蚀

通过周期浸泡腐蚀实验和时域法电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术研究了LY12CZ铝合金的腐蚀损伤,用金相法测量最大腐蚀深度,用统计分析方法处理实验数据.结果表明,LY12铝合金经周期浸泡腐蚀试验后,低频阻抗倒数1/R_d符合Gumbel分布,1/R_d随腐蚀时间变化的动力学曲线呈S形,该曲线分成点蚀和剥蚀两个阶段,点蚀阶段符合Sigmoidal曲线关系,剥蚀阶段符合线性关系.1/R_d与最大腐蚀深度在空间统计分布和腐蚀动力学规律两个方面都有一致性,因此可以用1/R_d表征腐蚀损伤程度.由此可见,时域法EIS技术可作为一种快速、无损、定量的腐蚀评估手段.      

脉动态电解加工

电解加工在航空航天装备的核心部件制造中起到了重要作用。为了满足这些高科技产品的发展需求,它的加工精度需要进一步提高。电解加工过程中产生的氢气、温升及去除物,会显著影响加工间隙中电解液电导率的分布,并降低加工精度。脉动态电解加工将工具振动与脉冲给电优化耦合,改变了间隙状态,提高了精度和稳定性。拷贝式、旋印式、削边电极线切割式等3种脉动态电解加工形式分别对应叶片类、机匣类、榫槽类结构的加工表现出很好的工艺效果。     

月球极轨探测器轨道方案设计

首先介绍了一种当前技术较为先进的奔月转移轨道方案－定相环形轨移轨道，指出了其优缺点及可行的轨道修正方案，然后确定了对月观测型探测器轨道设计原则，并采用定相环形奔月转移轨道，从总体方案的角度给出了一个月球探测器轨道设计方案，提出了具体的设计与分析方法，最后以某月球探测器为例进行了计算，给出了设计结果。     

The radiation environment in the ISS-USLab measured by ALTEA: Spectra and relative nuclear abundances in the polar,equatorial and SAA regions

We present here the energy spectra relative to different geomagnetic regions as measured by the ALTEA (Anomalous Long Term Effects on Astronauts) detector in the International Space Station – USLab from August 2006 to July 2007.     

回收系统中的悬挂体姿态运动模式分析

建立了12自由度的物-伞系统动力学方程,采用三个欧拉角来描述悬挂体的运动姿态,总结了悬挂体姿态运动的5种基本模式和3种典型的复合运动模式;并给出了运动模式的量化描述、各个模式与刚体姿态运动欧拉角描述之间的关系。通过算例说明上述结果具有一般性,对于回收系统悬挂体的姿态分析有参考价值。     

主辅拦截器协同制导方法研究

随着现代导弹技术的发展,导弹的突防能力越来越强,对导弹的防御难度也逐渐增大。为增强拦截器的杀伤力并降低成本,可利用主辅拦截器协同制导对目标进行拦截。建立了拦截器与目标的相对运动模型,通过对运动方程进行线性化分析,发现协同制导问题实质为具有终端时间限制条件的导引问题,该问题可转化为线性化系统的最优控制问题。利用最优控制中的极小值原理设计了时间协同制导律。仿真结果表明:该制导律可实现多枚拦截器在同一时刻拦截目标的协同制导要求。