Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers

The creation of micro air vehicles (MAVs) of the same general sizes and weight as natural fliers has spawned renewed interest in flapping wing flight. With a wingspan of approximately 15 cm and a flight speed of a few meters per second, MAVs experience the same low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵) flight conditions as their biological counterparts. In this flow regime, rigid fixed wings drop dramatically in aerodynamic performance while flexible flapping wings gain efficacy and are the preferred propulsion method for small natural fliers. Researchers have long realized that steady-state aerodynamics does not properly capture the physical phenomena or forces present in flapping flight at this scale. Hence, unsteady flow mechanisms must dominate this regime. Furthermore, due to the low flight speeds, any disturbance such as gusts or wind will dramatically change the aerodynamic conditions around the MAV. In response, a suitable feedback control system and actuation technology must be developed so that the wing can maintain its aerodynamic efficiency in this extremely dynamic situation; one where the unsteady separated flow field and wing structure are tightly coupled and interact nonlinearly. For instance, birds and bats control their flexible wings with muscle tissue to successfully deal with rapid changes in the flow environment. Drawing from their example, perhaps MAVs can use lightweight actuators in conjunction with adaptive feedback control to shape the wing and achieve active flow control. This article first reviews the scaling laws and unsteady flow regime constraining both biological and man-made fliers. Then a summary of vortex dominated unsteady aerodynamics follows. Next, aeroelastic coupling and its effect on lift and thrust are discussed. Afterwards, flow control strategies found in nature and devised by man to deal with separated flows are examined. Recent work is also presented in using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators and angular speed variation to achieve active flow control for MAVs. Finally, an explanation for aerodynamic gains seen in flexible versus rigid membrane wings, derived from an unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with an integrated distributed control algorithm, is presented.     

The Magnetic Field Pile-up and Density Depletion in the Martian Magnetosheath: A Comparison with the Plasma Depletion Layer Upstream of the Earth's Magnetopause

Using magnetometer and electron observations from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and the Wind spacecraft we show that the region of magnetic field pile-up and density decrease located between the Martian ionosphere and bow shock exhibit strong similarities with the plasma depletion layer (PDL) observed upstream of the Earth's magnetopause in the absence of magnetic reconnection when the magnetopause is a solid obstacle in the solar wind. A PDL is formed upstream of the terrestrial magnetopause when the magnetic field piles up against the obstacle and particles in the pile-up region are squeezed away from the high magnetic pressure region along the field lines as the flux tubes convect toward the magnetopause. We here discuss the possibility that at least part of the region of magnetic field pile-up and density depletion upstream of Mars may be formed by the same physical processes which generate the PDL upstream of the Earth's magnetopause. More complete ion, electron, and neutral measurements are needed to conclusively determine the relative importance of the plasma depletion process versus exospheric processes.     

Fe-Si-Al合金的制备及其微波电磁性能

以高纯Fe、Si、Al粉为原料,采用机械合金化法制备Fe-Si-Al合金粉末.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和矢量网络分析仪分别研究了机械合金化产物的相结构、形貌和Fe-Si-Al合金吸波材料在1～18GHz内的电磁性能.结果表明:采用机械合金化方法,球磨时间为80 h时制备得到了块状Fe-Si-Al合金粉末,并且得到的Fe-Si-Al合金粉末比原始铁粉具有较低的介电常数实部和虚部,其磁导率实部和虚部也有所增加.Fe-Si-Al合金吸波材料在低频具有优异的吸波性能,吸波材料厚度为3 mm时,在2～4 GHz频段内具有较低的反射率,在3 GHz处的最小反射率为-16 dB.随着厚度的增加,Fe-Si-Al合金吸波材料的最大吸收峰由高频向低频移动,同时吸收峰的宽度变窄,最小反射率减小,吸波能力增强.     

ARTEMIS Science Objectives

NASA??s two spacecraft ARTEMIS mission will address both heliospheric and planetary research questions, first while in orbit about the Earth with the Moon and subsequently while in orbit about the Moon. Heliospheric topics include the structure of the Earth??s magnetotail; reconnection, particle acceleration, and turbulence in the Earth??s magnetosphere, at the bow shock, and in the solar wind; and the formation and structure of the lunar wake. Planetary topics include the lunar exosphere and its relationship to the composition of the lunar surface, the effects of electric fields on dust in the exosphere, internal structure of the Moon, and the lunar crustal magnetic field. This paper describes the expected contributions of ARTEMIS to these baseline scientific objectives.     

基于感兴趣区域的无人机侦察图像压缩

根据无人机侦察图像压缩的特殊性,综合JPEG2000中MaxShift和GSBM的特点提出一种改进的感兴趣区域图像压缩算法。该方法允许用户在一幅图像中指定任意形状的区域建立掩模,不需要将感兴趣区域的形状信息传递到解码端,能灵活调节感兴趣区域和背景区域的重构图像的相对质量。实验表明,该算法在低解码率(小于0.5bpp)时,与MaxShift相比,具有更高的编码质量(峰值信噪比最高可高出10dB左右)。     

Study on the Anisotropy of Meniscus in the Growing Sapphire

This study is aimed at predicting the relationship between the meniscus and the quality of the sapphire crystals produced by the micro-pulling and shoulder at cooled center (SAPMIC) technique. As with different orientations, the shapes of the meniscus vary, so an investigation into the anisotropy of the meniscus shapes is very important for the final quality of the sapphire crystal. An effective model to describe meniscus shapes and their formation process has been presented. The model has been applied to a sapphire crystal of 200 mm diameter in order to check its reliability. The results show that the model proves to be useful for forecasting the final shapes of the sap-phire crystal made by the SAPMIC technique.     

项目组织管理能力不足造成的项目成本损失分析

文章旨在描述一种对项目组织管理能力不足造成的成本损失进行分析的思路和方法。在项目管理中,通过对“项目组织管理成本损失因子”的分析和有效管理,实现对项目组织管理能力的综合量化评价提供参考依据。     

基于改进遗传算法的微波吸收材料优化设计

针对标准遗传算法也称简单遗传算法(Simple genetic algorithm,SGA)在宽频带高吸收微波吸收材料优化过程中收敛速度十分缓慢且非全局收敛的不足,应用新的选择策略,并引入收敛因子和进程因子对种群进化的交叉概率和变异概率进行自适应调节,用Visual C 语言编写了可自适应调节参数的改进遗传算法的微波吸收材料优化设计软件,通过枚举法验证算法是全局收敛的。应用该软件对现有微波吸收材料电磁参数库进行微波吸收材料结构优化。结果表明：应用两层微波吸收材料,内层材料0．9mm,外层材料2．7mm,总厚度3．6mm,即可实现在8～18GHz全频段内反射率小于-15dB。     

Liquid-Solid Phase Equilibria of Nb-Si-Ti Ternary Alloys

To determine the liquid-solid phase equilibria of the Nb-Si-Ti ternary system, Nb-Si-Ti alloys of different compositions are prepared. By means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, the phases in the alloys, such as Si-based solutions, Ti（Nb）Si, Ti（Nb）Si2, Nb（Ti）Si2, Ti（Nb）5Si4, Nb（Ti）5Si3, Ti（Nb）5Si3, Nb（Ti）3Si and Nb-based solutions are identified, and the phase evolution is analyzed. As a result, the microstmctural and microchemical evidence provides a clear definition of the Nb-Si-Ti liquidus surface projection and indicates that the ternary phase diagram has seven transition reactions.     

In-Situ Observations of Reconnection in Space

This paper gives an overview of the insights into the magnetic reconnection process obtained by in-situ measurements across current sheets found in planetary magnetospheres and the solar wind. Emphasis is placed on results that might be of interest to the study of reconnection in regions where no in-situ observations are available. These results include the role of symmetric versus asymmetric boundary conditions, the identification of the onset conditions, the reconnection rates, and the spatial and temporal scales. Special attention is paid to observations in the so-called diffusion region surrounding the reconnection sites, where ions and eventually also electrons become demagnetized and reconnection is initiated.