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381.
A review of global satellite-derived snow products 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Allan Frei Marco Tedesco Shihyan Lee James Foster Dorothy K. Hall Richard Kelly David A. Robinson 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Snow cover over the Northern Hemisphere plays a crucial role in the Earth’s hydrology and surface energy balance, and modulates feedbacks that control variations of global climate. While many of these variations are associated with exchanges of energy and mass between the land surface and the atmosphere, other expected changes are likely to propagate downstream and affect oceanic processes in coastal zones. For example, a large component of the freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean comes from snow melt. The timing and magnitude of this flux affects biological and thermodynamic processes in the Arctic Ocean, and potentially across the globe through their impact on North Atlantic Deep Water formation. 相似文献
382.
Jinhy Hong J.J. Lee K.W. Min V.P. Kim V.V. Hegai 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
We examined polar rain flux observed by STSAT-1 in the northern polar cap and compared it with solar wind parameters. We found that the differential energy spectrum of polar rain was similar to that of the solar wind for the energy range 100 eV – 1 keV, although we cannot rule out the possibility of a small amount of acceleration. On the other hand, the low-energy component of the solar wind showed no correlation and, naturally, the solar wind density had only a weak correlation with the polar rain flux. Polar rain flux in the northern hemisphere is most significant for the condition of the interplanetary magnetic field components Bz < 0, Bx < 0, and By > 0, and in this case it correlated well with the magnitude of By and Bz. For other interplanetary magnetic field conditions, the correlation was insignificant. The results are consistent with those reported previously. 相似文献
383.
Julia C. Lee 《Space Science Reviews》2010,157(1-4):93-101
High spectral resolution X-ray instruments on powerful X-ray satellites (e.g. Chandra, XMM-Newton) pointed through dust and gas at bright black holes and neutron stars can be used to study dust and intervening material in unique ways. With the new subfield of Condensed Matter Astrophysics as its goal, I will discuss current efforts to combine techniques and knowledge from condensed matter physics and astrophysics to determine the species-specific quantity and composition of interstellar gas and dust in the ISM and ionized environments. Prospects for improving on this work in future X-ray missions with higher throughput and spectral resolution are also presented in the context of spectral resolution goals for gratings and calorimeters. 相似文献
384.
1 INTRODUCTION
Today's machine tool industries are facing unprecedented challenges brought about by development of outsourcing and low cost manufac-turing in Asia. Manufacturing outsourcing provided many opportu-nities but also added challenges to produce and deliver products with improved productivity, quality, service and costs. Lead times must be cut short to their extreme extend to meet need the changing demands of customers in different regions of the world. Products are required to be make-to-order, which requires a tight control and near-zero downtime of the plant floor, equipment and devices. 相似文献
385.
Wu C.J. Lee F.C. Balachandran S. Goin H.L. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1982,(4):497-508
A nonlinear programming technique using the penalty function method is employed for the minimum weight design of a halfbridge dc-dc buck power converter. The cost-effective computeraided approach provides a minimum weight design down to the details of the component level which concurrently meets all power circuit performance requirements. Important design insights and guidelines are obtained to readily assess 1) the tradeoffs between weight and loss as the switching frequency is increased, 2) the optimum operating frequency range over which the total weight/loss is minimized, 3) the impact of device characteristics on the total weight and loss profile. 相似文献
386.
Szegö Károly Glassmeier Karl-Heinz Bingham Robert Bogdanov Alexander Fischer Christian Haerendel Gerhard Brinca Armando Cravens Tom Dubinin Eduard Sauer Konrad Fisk Len Gombosi Tamas Schwadron Nathan Isenberg Phil Lee Martin Mazelle Christian Möbius Eberhard Motschmann Uwe Shapiro Vitali D. Tsurutani Bruce Zank Gary 《Space Science Reviews》2000,94(3-4):429-671
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389.
D.V. Phanikumar Y.-S. Kwak A.K. Patra A.K. Maurya Rajesh Singh S.-M. Park 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
In this paper, we analyze VLF signals received at Busan to study the the D-region changes linked with the solar eclipse event of 22 July 2009 for very short (∼390 km) transmitter–receiver great circle path (TRGCP) during local noon time 00:36–03:13 UT (09:36–12:13 KST). The eclipse crossed south of Busan with a maximum obscuration of ∼84%. Observations clearly show a reduction of ∼6.2 dB in the VLF signal strength at the time of maximum solar obscuration (84% at 01:53 UT) as compared to those observed on the control days. Estimated values of change in Wait ionospheric parameters: reflection height (h′) in km and inverse scale height parameter (β) in km−1 from Long Wave Propagation Capability (LWPC) model during the maximum eclipse phase as compared to unperturbed ionosphere are 7 km and 0.055 km−1, respectively. Moreover, the D-region electron density estimated from model computation shows 95% depletion in electron density at the height of ∼71 km. The reflection height is found to increase by ∼7 km in the D-region during the eclipse as compared to those on the control days, implying a depletion in the Lyman-α flux by a factor of ∼7. The present observations are discussed in the light of current understanding on the solar eclipse induced D-region dynamics. 相似文献
390.
D. Zhou E. Semones R. Gaza S. Johnson N. Zapp K. Lee T. George 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
Radiation in low Earth orbit (LEO) is mainly composed of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar energetic particles and particles in SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly). The biological impact of space radiation to astronauts depends strongly on the particles’ linear energy transfer (LET) and is dominated by high LET radiation. It is important to measure the LET spectrum for the space radiation field and to investigate the influence of radiation on astronauts. At present, the preferred active dosimeters sensitive to all LET are the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and the silicon detectors in various configurations; the preferred passive dosimeters are CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) sensitive to high LET and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) as well as optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) sensitive to low LET. The TEPC, CR-39 PNTDs, TLDs and OSLDs were used to investigate the radiation field for the ISS mission Expedition 13 (ISS-12S) in LEO. LET spectra and radiation quantities (fluence, absorbed dose, dose equivalent and quality factor) were measured for the space mission with different dosimeters. This paper introduces the role of high LET radiation in radiobiology, the operational principles for the different dosimeters, the LET spectrum method using CR-39 detectors, the method to combine the results measured with TLDs/OSLDs and CR-39 PNTDs, and presents the LET spectra and the radiation quantities measured and combined. 相似文献