模型化的造型技术

模型化方法是工程设计和科学探索的有力手段。采用这种方法不仅可以极大地减少出现代价昂贵的失误的可能性,而且可以进行一些原本无法进行的探索和研究,预估河床腐蚀率就是一例。该方法不仅可以用小比例模型来模拟大尺寸结构,从而大大降低成本,便于试验,而且可以用大比例模型来模拟微型结构,从而更为方便明了。模型化方法可以广泛应用于水利,建筑、船舶及航空航天诸多领域。本文采用简明实用的量纲分析方法,结合实例详细说明了模型化的造型技术,即如何从具体原型出发来构造一个试验模型。     

略谈美国空间计划的新目标——空间站

一、综述六十年代初,美国曾提出《阿波罗登月飞船》计划,经过约十年的努力,把人送上了月球。七十年代初,又制订了《航天飞机》计划。目前,航天飞机也曾三次成功地进行了轨道试飞。但是,下一步美国空间计划的重点将转移到哪个方面呢?下面简单谈谈这     

Artificial gravity: a possible countermeasure for post-flight orthostatic intolerance

Four payload crewmembers were exposed to sustained linear acceleration in a centrifuge during the Neurolab (STS-90) flight. In contrast to previous studies, otolith–ocular reflexes were preserved during and after flight. This raised the possibility that artificial gravity may have acted as a countermeasure to the deconditioning of otolith–ocular reflexes. None of the astronauts who were centrifuged had orthostatic intolerance when tested with head-up passive tilt after flight. Thus, centrifugation may also have helped maintain post-flight hemodynamic responses to orthostasis by preserving the gain of the otolith–sympathetic reflex. A comparison with two fellow Neurolab orbiter crewmembers not exposed to artificial gravity provided some support for this hypothesis. One of the two had hemodynamic changes in response to post-flight tilt similar to orthostatically intolerant subjects from previous missions. More data is necessary to evaluate this hypothesis, but if it were proven correct, in-flight short-radius centrifugation may help counteract orthostatic intolerance after space flight.     

Antibody engineering--a valuable asset in preventing closed environment epidemics

Investigations of Mir, Space Shuttle, Skylab and Apollo missions report extensive colonisation of the spacecraft by bacteria and fungi, which can lead to degradative effects on spacecraft equipment and devastating effects on space-grown crops. More than 80% of terrestrial greenhouse epidemics are due to the fungal genera Phytophthora, Pythium and Fusarium, which have been found in life support system test-beds. The advent of recombinant antibody technologies, including ribosome display and phage display, has made it possible to develop antibodies against virtually any toxin or organism and allows for maturation of antibodies by in vitro molecular evolution. These antibodies may play an important role in an integrated pest management regime for life support systems. Efficacy of existing fungal countermeasures could be increased by chemical linkage to antibodies, which target the site of action of the biocide or trap the pathogen in a biofilter. Novel recombinant antibody-biocide fusions can be expressed in situ by plants or symbiotic microbes to create direct disease resistance.