热流校准的不确定度——美国热流计的校准

AEDC(Arnold Engineering Derelopment Center)负责对热流传感器进行校准。本文介绍有关该校准不确定度的研究工作和研究结果。校准总的不确定度是综合AEDC和NBS(美国国家标准局)各自作的几组校准数据求得的。第一组数据是按块式卡计标准校准六个热流传感器得到的,块式卡计和六个热流传感器都是AEDC制造的。校验中采用九支(1kW/支)石英灯组成辐射热源。由这些校准数据计算六个传感器中每个传感器的精度。此六个传感器送到NBS Fire研究中心(华盛顿)进行标准复校。第二组校准数据取自这些复校试验。因此,可以说是按NBS热流标准进行了标准传递。NBS也采用辐射热源,也用AEDC类似的步骤进行校准。比较AEDC和NBS各自获得的数据,确定每一传感器的偏差值。综合此偏差和精度两个数据,计算每个传感器的总不确定度。六个传感器算出的平均不确定度是±3％。     

New methods for microbial contamination monitoring: an experiment on board the MIR orbital station

Experiment T2, carried out during the Euromir'95 mission, was an important step toward innovative methods for spacecraft microbial contamination monitoring. A new standard sampling technique permitted samples to be analysed by different means. On board, two analysis methods were tested in parallel: Bioluminescence and Miniculture. In turn, downloaded samples are being analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a powerful and promising method for the rapid detection, identification and quantification of pathogens and biofouling agents in closed manned habitats.     

Separation of bacterial cells by free flow electrophoresis under microgravity: a result of the SpaceLab-Japan project on Space Shuttle flight STS-47

We demonstrated free flow electrophoresis (FFE) of charged cells under microgravity, where gravitational effects are almost eliminated. Separation of a mixture of three bacterial strains (mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2) by FFE was conducted on NASA Space Shuttle flight STS-47 (September 1992). The experiment was designed to differentiate three strains having different lipopolysaccharide core structures in the cell membrane. The results were compared to those of ground experiments, in order to examine whether or not FFE in a weightless environment provides distinct advantages. Smooth strain SL1027 and rough strain SL3749 migrated to two separated fractions. The quality (viability) and the yields of the separated samples were sufficient to show the advantage of microgravity. Another rough strain, SL1102, exhibited unexpected electrophoretic behavior, which prevented the complete resolution of the three strains. All the strains were recovered as viable cells after 8 days of flight. The present study suggests that electrophoretic separation of bacterial cells is much more effective under microgravity conditions with relatively good resolution in comparison with the ground operation.     

Space radiation enhancement linked to geomagnetic disturbances

Space radiation dosimetry measurements have been made on board the Space Shuttle. A newly developed active detector called "Real-time Radiation Monitoring Device (RRMD)" was used (Doke et al., 1995; Hayashi et al., 1995). The RRMD results indicate that low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) particles steadily penetrate around the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) without clear enhancement of dose equivalent and some daily periodic enhancements of dose equivalent due to high LET particles are seen at the lower geomagnetic cutoff regions (Doke et al., 1996). We also have been analyzing the space weather during the experiment, and found that the anomalous high-energy particle enhancement was linked to geomagnetic disturbance due to the high speed solar wind from a coronal hole. Additional analysis and other experiments are necessary for clarification of these phenomena. If a penetration of high-energy particles into the low altitude occurs by common geomagnetic disturbances, the prediction of geomagnetic activity becomes more important in the next Space Station's era.     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅲ 第二级喷管的先进材料

这是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的连载第三篇文章。根据空军系统司令部的空间导弹系统组织的F07401—73—C—04223合同,航空喷气固体推进公司进行了本文所述的工作。计划包括喷管设计的选择和要求满足MX ADP(Advanced DeveloPment Program)目的的有关技术。本文概述了材料筛选试验、阐述选择材料的原则、所选择材料的性能、缩比尺寸喷管点火试验的结果和用于全尺寸试验的石墨喷管部件的说明等。     

用伺服控制系统改善无源原子频率标准的振动性能

把尺寸小、予热快和功耗低的铷气泡频率标准用作现时和近期战术频率标准看来是最好的选择,但它在振动环境下的性能尚有待改进。在铷频率标准中可以观察到振动引起的频率不稳定现象。本文要说明的是把压控晶体振荡器(VCXO)的频率紧密地伺服控制在原子谐振基准频率上的方法,来改善铷频率标准的振动性能。对有关机械化的技术问题作了简短的讨论,给出了伺服系统带宽约为100Hz的铷频率标准的实测相位谱密度     

低相位噪声倍频微波源

使用高次泛音体声波谐振器(HBAR),可能研制出直接工作在微波频率的低相位噪声倍频微波源。最近,已研制出一个L波段的低噪声源,它能提供约以5MHz为间隔的信号,并能得到与低频石英晶体稳定和倍频的微波源相同的相位噪声抑制度,高次泛音体声波谐振器(HBAR)直接倍频到微波源需要少量硬件,以达到用任何其它方法得到倍频微波源所具有的相同的相位噪声抑制度。稳定的工作是通过利用钇铝石榴石(YAG)、蓝宝石、铌酸锂式铝酸锂等晶体的高次泛音谐振来达到的。它们的固有损耗表明,其潜在Q值近似为石英晶体的十倍。已制成的这种谐振器的频率高达10GHz。对1.5GHz频段的压缩模式,已在几个样品中得到50,000以上的有载Q值。这些谐振器由其晶片上渡漠换能器组成。单纯的反射被限制在换能器之下区域内。晶体牢牢地被装在外壳中,以尽量减小外部振动对频率稳定度的影响。测量振动灵敏度的情况在一篇参考文献中简述。此倍频微波源包括一个用自动频率控制(AFC)回路稳定的低噪声压控振荡器(VCO)。在自动频率控制(AFC)鉴频器中,高次泛音体声波谐振器是决定频率的元件。测量的相位噪声与估计的性能很一致。本文提供了噪声特性的详细情况。用附加的数字控制电路将压控振荡器予调到高次泛音体声波谐振器(HBAR)的任一次响应上,可以很容易地实现倍频。因此,用最少的硬件得到了低相位噪声用电子方法控制的倍频源。     

体波谐振晶片加速度灵敏度的测定

本文叙述了测定直接工作在微波频率的高次泛音钇铝石榴石(YAG)体波谐振晶片的加速度灵敏度的近似理论。高次泛音声体波谐振器比用其它方法更容易实现低相位噪声倍频微波源,所需硬件也少得多。在参考文献[1]中详细介绍了振荡器的设计及测试。本文通过分析及实验对振动灵敏度作了论述。在静态和振动状两种状态下,对钇铝石榴石(YAG)体波谐振器件进行了电测量。将约为4×10~(-11)/G的加速度灵敏度的计算值(K)与约为1.28×10~(-11)/G的测试值进行了比较。体波谐振的实测值约比典型的三类AT切石英晶体对运动的灵敏度要低两个数级量。     

用于各种雷达的平板缝阵天线的设计与加工技术

介绍了民航飞机极旁瓣电平机载风切变雷达天线、单轴单脉冲合成孔径阵列、双极化双阵列天线和16．75GHz双轴单脉冲阵列的设计。详述了这些阵列的加工技术以及近场测试方法。