电调节砷化镓声表面波谐振器振荡器

已经用砷化镓制作出高 Q 表面波谐振器,并且用来控制振荡器的频率。由于砷化镓既是压电材料,又是半导体材料,因此有可能用来对全单片振荡器进行电调节。曾对半绝缘基片上的表面波谐振器的参数进行了研究。这些器件既有刻槽,又有金属电极反射栅。可调节频率的声表面波谐振器被制作在用肖脱基势垒电极作为谐振器栅的外延砷化镓基片上。调节频率并不显著改变介入损耗。两端对谐振器的介入损耗值典型的在15和20dB 之间,在180兆赫的负载 Q 值高达12000。虽然砷化镓的延迟温度系数为52ppm/℃,但是,可以通过加一层 Au/SiO_2对砷化镓延迟线进行温度补偿。     

实时交互式显示环境——航天飞机飞控人员开发的显示生成工具

NASA的飞控中心(MCC)位于约翰逊航天中心,正逐渐从一个集中式结构演变成一个分布式结构。从STS—29开始,一些由主机驱动的控制台屏幕将由工作站驱动的图形终端取代。这些工作站首先由实时数据系统(RTDS)—一个内部开发的系统—提供实时数据,接着数月后(与RTDS并行)再由飞控中心改造(MCCU)软件包的过渡性和最终版本提供。航天飞机飞控人员建立实时交互式显示环境(RTIDE,以便支持航天飞机任务多种新显示的快速开发。RTIDE是一种显示生成工具,允许非统程人员定义面向目标、事件驱动、可用鼠标选择的显示。特别强调RTIDE版本间的向上兼容性、从不同数据源获取数据的能力、实时性能、模块化更新RTIDE的能力、机器可移植性以及一个清晰而强有力的用户接口。本文介绍了使 RTIDE成为当前形式的操作与组织因素,具体设计方案,仿真与飞行操作性能及其建造过程中得到的经验教训。     

使用有限元技术的冲击和振动分析

有限元技术有两个内容:一个是把连续体分成许多离散元素,第二是在这些离散元素的联结点上假设一些条件。我们把这些联结点称之为接点或节点。有限元技术之所以大量使用,很大程度是由于高性能数字计算机的发展。种类繁多的有限元软件可从各个渠道取得。这些软件中大多数用的是刚度法而不是挠度法。刚度法用的静力分析矩阵方程可写成:{F}=[K]{X}(1)式中:{F}=力矢量列阵.[K]=刚度方阵.{X}=位移矢量列阵若设{X}=1,刚度矩阵就表示引起单位位移的力。     

S玻璃-环氧复合材料在持久拉伸载荷下的寿命估算

设计长期使用的纤维复合材料结构件时,估算其寿命是很重要的。为研究这一课题,在1969年,开始对 S 玻璃、芳香族(1971)纤维和一些石墨纤维制成的简单的环氧复合材料进行了实验研究工作。其办法是将这些经过预浸的纤维束在拉伸状态下进行寿命试验(也称应力破坏或静态疲劳试验)。选取纤维束做试样是因为它们真正代表着复合材料的基本结构坯料。当获得这些数据后,就用不同的方法对它们进行分析,并已在过去10年间陆续予以发表。1980年1月,加利福尼亚州北部的一次大地震破坏了大部份试验试样。因而实际上终     

远方跟踪站所用的小型计算机程序

现在已编制出一种远方跟踪站所用的小型计算机程序,它每秒钟执行100次,并对方位角和俯仰角进行平滑与外推。指向角误差一般小于0.01度,距离精确度在1米以内。     

Changes in mood status and neurotic levels during a 20-day bed rest

This study evaluated changes of mood status and depressive and neurotic levels in nine young male subjects during a 20-day 6 degrees head-down tilting bed rest and examined whether exercise training modified these changes. Participants were asked to complete psychometrical inventories on before, during, and after the bed rest experiment. Depressive and neurotic levels were enhanced during bed rest period according to the Japanese version of Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale and the Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire. Mood state "vigor" was impaired and "confusion" was increased during bed rest and recumbent control periods compared to pre-bed rest and ambulatory control periods according to the Japanese version of Profiles of Mood State, whereas the mood "tension-anxiety", "depression-dejection", "anger-hostility" and "fatigue" were relatively stable during experiment. Isometric exercise training did not modify these results. Microgravity, along with confinement to bed and isolation from familiar environments, induced impairment of mental status.     

Catecholamines and their enzymes in discrete brain areas of rats after space flight on biosatellites Cosmos

The activity of the catecholaminergic system was measured in the hypothalamus of rats which had experienced an 18.5-19.5-day-long stay in the state of weightlessness during space flights on board Soviet biosatellites of the type Cosmos. In the first two experiments, Cosmos 782 and 936, the concentration of norepinephrine and the activities of synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and of the degrading enzyme monoamine oxidase were measured in the total hypothalamus. None of the given parameters was changed after space flight. In the light of the changes of these parameters recorded after exposure to acute stress on Earth, this finding indicates that long-term state of weightlessness does not represent an intensive stressogenic stimulus for the system studied. In the space experiment Cosmos 1129, the concentration of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine was studied in isolated nuclei of the hypothalamus of rats within 6-10 hr following return from space. Norepinephrine was found to be significantly reduced in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence and periventricular nucleus, epinephrine in the median eminence, periventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei, whereas dopamine was not significantly changed after space flight. The decreased catecholamine levels found in some hypothalamic nuclei of rats which had undergone space flight indicate that no chronic intensive stressor could have acted during the flight, otherwise the catecholamine concentration would have been increased in the nuclei. The decreased levels must have been induced by the effect of a stressogenic factor acting for a short time only, and that either during the landing maneuver or immediately after landing. Thus long-term exposure of the organism to the state of weightlessness does not represent a stressogenic stimulus for the catecholaminergic system in the hypothalamus, which is one of the regulators of the activation of neuroendocrine reactions under stress.     

Adaptive environmental control for optimal results during plant microgravity experiments

The SVET Space Greenhouse (SG)--the first and the only automated plant growth facility onboard the MIR Space Station in the period 1990-2000 was developed on a Russian-Bulgarian Project in the 80s. The aim was to study plant growth under microgravity in order to include plants as a link of future Biological Life Support Systems for the long-term manned space missions. An American developed Gas Exchange Measurement System (GEMS) was added to the existing SVET SG equipment in 1995 to monitor more environmental and physiological parameters. A lot of long-duration plant flight experiments were carried out in the SVET+GEMS. They led to significant results in the Fundamental Gravitational Biology field--second-generation wheat seeds were produced in the conditions of microgravity. The new International Space Station (ISS) will provide a perfect opportunity for conducting full life cycle plant experiments in microgravity, including measurement of more vital plant parameters, during the next 15-20 years. Nowadays plant growth facilities for scientific research based on the SVET SG functional principles are developed for the ISS by different countries (Russia, USA, Italy, Japan, etc.). A new Concept for an advanced SVET-3 Space Greenhouse for the ISS, based on the Bulgarian experience and "know-how" is described. The absolute and differential plant chamber air parameters and some plant physiological parameters are measured and processed in real time. Using the transpiration and photosynthesis measurement data the Control Unit evaluates the plant status and performs adaptive environmental control in order to provide the most favorable conditions for plant growth at every stage of plant development in experiments. A conceptual block-diagram of the SVET-3 SG is presented.     

机载合成孔径雷达系统目标内部振动的时间频率分析

在机载合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中，目标内部振动可能引起方位模糊。在SAR图像的相干积累期间，反射器的任何运动都会在相应反射器相位历史中引起相位调制。对于正弦波运动，相位调制会导致常常与固定反射器难以区分的边带。本文从时间相关多普勒频率的角度对这种调制进行了描述。时间-频率方法是解决这些情况的有用工具。在许多可能的时间-频率方法中，作者们都选择了这种自适应最优（AOK）方法，并用AOK方法分析了机载SAR图像内的壁板振动反射器。其振动很明显，并根据时间-频率分布估算了各个振动参数。这些参数与实际情况非常一致。尤其是与振动频率吻合良好，尽管振幅不是很精确，但仍然比较好。