使用可控固化包复层降低火箭发动机的生产成本

现己发展了一种能降低固体推进剂火箭发动机工艺成本的方法。该方法是使用封端异氰酸酯生产一种可控固化包复层,这种包复层具有适用期和存放时间可长可短的性能。成本降低是通过仪器设备的合理安排和利用来实现的。业已证明,包复层于25℃温度下的适用期在400小时以上;温度更低时,适用期超过12星期。在已延长的存放期前后,封端异氰酸酯包复层与端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂和火箭发动机惰性组元的粘结性能都非常好。若包复层初始状态是未固化和预固化的,那么在-18℃～63℃温度下的存放时间能达到12个星期。并且己经证明,要求快速固化时,封端异氰酸酯包复层中可以加入固化催化剂。     

设计有源滤波器的捷径

设计有源滤波器并不一定就是一件冗长乏味的工作。只要掌握住五类最通用的二阶有源滤波器函数的基本设计指标,便可毫不费力地设计出其中任何一类有源滤波器。这五类有源滤波器是:低通滤波器、高通滤波器、带通滤波器、带阻滤波器和全通滤波器。每类滤波器用电阻和电容作为无     

航天飞机尾部服务塔的设计和研制

航天飞机的成功发射取决于两个尾部服务塔的正常工作。通过完整的设计、研制和试验计划保证了尾部服务塔工作的可靠性。在前一篇文章(参考文献1)中，已叙述了尾部服务塔的方案验证试验。本文提出了方案验证试验的结果和对尾部服务塔样机设计所带来的影响。简述了设计准则，对所提出的尾部服务塔样机试验作了阐述。     

Calcium movement of sarcoplasmic reticulum from hindlimb suspended muscle

The function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was examined in the slow soleus and fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats submitted to 14 days of weightlessness produced by hindlimb suspension (HS). Ca2+ uptake, Ca2+ release and passive Ca2+ leakage through the SR membrane were investigated using a method of caffeine-induced contracture on the single mechanically skinned fibers. In the SR of suspended soleus muscles, the rate of Ca2+ uptake was higher than in the control muscles. However, there was no difference between the suspended and control muscles in the rate of Ca2+ uptake of the SR in EDL after HS. In soleus muscles, Ca2+ movements of the SR from the suspended muscle acquired the properties that were similar to those of the control fast muscle. The study of Ca2+ leakage showed that the velocity and amount of passive Ca2+ leakage from SR in soleus and EDL were apparently increased after HS. The results suggested that the functional properties of the SR membrane in slow and fast muscles were changed after HS.     

航天发动机推进—现状报告

自1974年以来,根据赛奥科尔公司提出的计划,用静态点火试车验证了顶级火箭发动机设计的主要进展。发动机弹道性能的改进和质量比的提高,在装药量为450—1650公斤,直径为0.7、0.9和1.2米的几种发动机上得到了验证。大多数技术改进都用设计的每种发动机进行几台静态点火试验验证过,并且根据合同正在研制的近地点和远地点发动机采用了这些技术。这些改进包括:端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)复合推进剂;柱槽型的药柱设计;碳—碳出口锥的深潜入喷管;在喷管潜入部分周围安装一个环形的小火箭式点火器和低密度三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)壳体绝热层。     

The effect of the configuration and the interior design of a virtual weightless space station on human spatial orientation

In a virtual weightless environment, subjects’ orientation skills were studied to examine what kind of cognitive errors people make when they moved through the interior space of virtual space stations and what kind of visual information effectively decreases those errors. Subjects wearing a head-mounted display moved from one end to the other end in space station-like routes constructed of rectangular and cubical modules, and did Pointing and Modeling tasks. In Experiment 1, configurations of the routes were changed with such variables as the number of bends, the number of embedding planes, and the number of planes with respect to the body posture. The results indicated that spatial orientation ability was relevant to the variables and that orientational errors were explained by two causes. One of these was that the place, the direction, and the sequence of turns were incorrect. The other was that subjects did not recognize the rotation of the frame of reference, especially when they turned in pitch direction rather than in yaw. In Experiment 2, the effect of the interior design was examined by testing three design settings. Wall colors that showed the allocentric frame of reference and the different interior design of vertical and horizontal modules were effective; however, there was a limit to the effectiveness in complicated configurations.     

The flight experiment ANITA--a high performance air analyser for manned space cabins

Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air (ANITA) is a flight experiment as precursor for a permanent continuous trace gas monitoring system on the International Space Station (ISS). For over 10 years, under various ESA contracts the flight experiment was defined, designed, breadboarded and set up. For the safety of the crew, ANITA can detect and quantify quasi on-line and simultaneously 32 trace gases with ppm or sub-ppm detection limits. The self-standing measurement system is based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) technology. The system represents a versatile air monitor allowing for the first time the detection and monitoring of trace gas dynamics of a spacecraft atmosphere. It is envisaged to accommodate ANITA in a Destiny (US LAB) Express Rack on the ISS. The transportation to the ISS is planned with the first ATV 'Jules Verne'. The options are either the Space Shuttle or the Automated Transfer Vehicle.     

Long-term manipulations of intact microbial mat communities in a greenhouse collaboratory: simulating earth's present and past field environments

Photosynthetic microbial mat communities were obtained from marine hypersaline saltern ponds, maintained in a greenhouse facility, and examined for the effects of salinity variations. Because these microbial mats are considered to be useful analogs of ancient marine communities, they offer insights about evolutionary events during the >3 billion year time interval wherein mats co-evolved with Earth's lithosphere and atmosphere. Although photosynthetic mats can be highly dynamic and exhibit extremely high activity, the mats in the present study have been maintained for >1 year with relatively minor changes. The major groups of microorganisms, as assayed using microscopic, genetic, and biomarker methodologies, are essentially the same as those in the original field samples. Field and greenhouse mats were similar with respect to rates of exchange of oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon across the mat-water interface, both during the day and at night. Field and greenhouse mats exhibited similar rates of efflux of methane and hydrogen. Manipulations of salinity in the water overlying the mats produced changes in the community that strongly resemble those observed in the field. A collaboratory testbed and an array of automated features are being developed to support remote scientific experimentation with the assistance of intelligent software agents. This facility will permit teams of investigators the opportunity to explore ancient environmental conditions that are rare or absent today but that might have influenced the early evolution of these photosynthetic ecosystems.