MMS星座对磁层顶磁通量绳内离子惯性尺度结构的观测

利用MMS观测数据,对磁层顶通量绳内离子惯性尺度（d_i）的结构进行分析研究.结果发现,许多不同尺度（约1d_i至数十d_i）的通量绳内都存在具有d_i尺度的电流 j _m,其方向在磁层顶局地坐标系的-M方向,即与磁层顶查普曼-费拉罗电流同向,由电子在+M方向的运动（ v _em）携带.这些电流结构具有以下特征:磁鞘与磁层成分混合,磁场为开放形态;离子去磁化,电子与磁场冻结;N方向（即垂直于磁层顶电流片方向）的电场 E _n显著增大,幅度达到约20mV·m-1,并伴有明显的尖峰状起伏,该增强和尖峰状起伏的电场对应于霍尔电场.分析表明,电流、电子与离子运动的偏离以及霍尔电场之间遵从广义欧姆定律,三者密切关联.进一步对磁层顶磁重联的探测数据进行分析发现,在很多重联区内也存在与通量绳内相似的结构,其尺度约为d_i量级,其中霍尔电场 E _N、电流 j _M和电子速度 v _eM均与通量绳内对应物理量的方向相同且幅度相近.基于上述观测事实,采用经典FTE通量绳模型,对通量绳内电流、电子运动和霍尔电场的起源进行了初步探讨,认为其来源于磁层顶无碰撞磁重联区内的相应结构,并且后者在离子尺度通量绳的形成过程中起到重要作用.      

可变速发电机对多机电力系统的稳定性提高的影响

阐述了可变速发电机(ASG)对多机电力系统的稳定性提高有着明显的效果。为了利用电力系统模拟仿真器进行实时仿真，开发了基于个人计算机(PC)的可变速发电机模组。通过将Matlab／Simulink环境下建立的ASG三相瞬时值模型装到PC里的数字处理器(DSP)板上运行，来实现更为详细的实时仿真。通过DSP板上的AD／DA转换接口，对基于PC的ASG模组与电力系统模拟仿真器等实施了物理连接，进行了多机电力系统的实时仿真．所有的仿真结果均显示，引入可变速发电机后，多机电力系统的整体稳定性有了大幅度的提高．     

火星磁层顶形成和变化的理论研究

考虑太阳风动压与行星电离层中的带电粒子热压及磁压之和平衡,建立了有大气（电离层）的行星磁层顶形成的理论模型,结合卫星对火星的观测数据,对子午面内向日侧火星磁层顶位形进行了数值计算和分析,研究了火星磁层顶位形及其与太阳风动压之间的变化关系．结果认为,火星磁层顶位形与地球磁层顶相似．太阳风动压越大,火星磁层顶越靠近火星;太阳风动压越弱,火星磁层顶越远离火星．根据火星内秉磁矩从古到今逐渐减小的观点,探索了大尺度磁场（内禀磁矩）对火星磁层顶的贡献作用,结果认为大尺度磁场越强,火星磁层顶越远离行星．这对于进一步研究火星磁层的长期演化以及其他行星磁层的位形变化都具有重要的意义．     

傅里叶变换法用于脉冲多普勒雷达检测加速运动目标的研究

傅里叶变换法通常用于脉冲多普勒雷达检测加速运动目标，尽管该方法的性能会受多普勒拖尾现象限制。机动飞机和导弹属于加速运动目标。本文作者量化了多普勒拖尾的影响。在运用脉冲多普勒雷达检测附加白高斯噪声的非加速目标并估算该目标的径向速度试验中，傅里叶变换法能够使输出信噪比(SNR)随脉冲数线性增加。当目标加速时，只要加速度足够小，那么傅里叶方法仍可以检测目标并估算其平均速度。针对某一给定的加速度，当脉冲数增加时，傅里叶变换法得到的输出信噪比(SNR)随脉冲数的增加成凹函数变化，即输出SNR先增加到最大值然后开始下降，直到该方法不适用为止。因此脉冲数和加速度必须匹配才能获得最佳性能。文中给出了最佳SNR、最佳脉冲数与加速度关系的经验公式。这些结果被证明与采用栅格搜寻的广义似然比检测器设计是相符的。     

CMOS集成硅压力传感器

新型的CMOS集成硅膜压力传感器由一个含四个压阻元件的电桥电路,一个放大器和一个新设计的能抑制电源电压变化和温度漂移的激励电源电路组成。敏感元件用自准直双元硅门CMOS工艺技术制得。方形的硅膜片由异向腐蚀剂N_2H_4·H_2O经腐蚀加工而成。在0～70℃范围内,灵敏度和偏置电压的温度漂移量小于±0.5％。这些数据比常用的杂化技术制得的元件所达到的数值小。利用新设计的激励技术,当电源电压变化±10％时,灵敏的变化不超过±1.5％。     

在高浓度气固双相流中测量粒子流的仪表

该文介绍的冲量仪特别适于在含有相当大的粒子(直径大于0.5mm)的固气双相流中测量粒子流的动量通量。仪表的核心是一个灵敏的压电传感器。但这种传感器不是像用于流化床中测量粒子流的加速度计型探头那样受到阻尼振荡。现在的冲量探头补充了光学枝术。习惯上,光学技术只限于在粒子尺寸小,平均粒子浓度低的场合中应用。文章介绍了仪表的设计、校准和初步的鉴定试验。并指出今后应研究的问题。     

MX导弹第二级发动机

引言MX导弹第二级发动机用来提供飞行第二阶段的动力,以及飞行第一阶段和第二阶段的滚转控制力矩。MX导弹第二级发动机的直径为92英寸(2337毫米),长220.4英寸(5598毫米),毛重60234磅(27322公斤),其基本结构如图1所示。经过16个月的系统论证(SD)和头4个月的全尺寸工程研制(FSED),第二级发动机业已进行了优化,以便满足系统要     

Cardiovascular effects of simulated zero-gravity in humans

Head-down and head-up [correction of heat-up] tilted bedrest (5 degrees) and head out water immersion (HOWI) for 6 hr were compared. Parameters: Cardiac output (rebreathing method), blood pressure (arm cuff), forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography), total peripheral (TPR), and forearm vascular (FVR) resistances, Hct, Hb, relative plasma volume (PV) changes, and plasma catecholamines (single-isotope assay). During HOWI there was as expected a decrement in TPR, FVR, Mean arterial pressure (MAP, from 100 to 80 mmHg), Hct, and PV, and--as a new finding--catecholamines, which were 30-50% lower compared with both +5 and -5 degrees bedrest. During head down tilt, MAP was elevated (to 100-110 mmHg) and catecholamines did not fall, while TPR and EVR slowly decreased over 6 hr. HOWI is a stronger stimulus than -5 degrees bedrest, probably because HOWI elevates central venous pressure more markedly emptying the peripheral veins, while bedrest permits a distension of veins, which induces an increase in sympathetic nervous activity.     

Does the centre of mass remain stable during complex human postural equilibrium tasks in weightlessness?

In normal gravity conditions the execution of voluntary movement involves the displacement of body segments as well as the maintenance of a stable reference value for equilibrium control. It has been suggested that centre of mass (CM) projection within the supporting base (BS) is the stabilised reference for voluntary action, and is conserved in weightlessness. The purpose of this study was to determine if the CM is stabilised during whole body reaching movements executed in weightlessness. The reaching task was conducted by two cosmonauts aboard the Russian orbital station MIR, during the Franco-Russian mission ALTAIR, 1993. Movements of reflective markers were recorded using a videocamera, successive images being reconstructed by computer every 40ms. The position of the CM, ankle joint torques and shank and thigh angles were computed for each subject pre- in- and post-flight using a 7-link mathematical model. Results showed that both cosmonauts adopted a backward leaning posture prior to reaching movements. Inflight, the CM was displaced throughout values in the horizontal axis three times those of pre-flight measures. In addition, ankle dorsi flexor torques inflight increased to values double those of pre- and post-flight tests. This study concluded that CM displacements do not remain stable during complex postural equilibrium tasks executed in weightlessness. Furthermore, in the absence of gravity, subjects changed their strategy for producing ankle torque during spaceflight from a forward to a backward leaning posture.