在SA条件下利用GPS的轨道确定和点定位

GPS精度控制(SA)措施降低了GPS标准定位业务(SPS)非差分用户的定位精度。常说的SPS可达精度在正常条件下为100米(2DRMS)。在缺乏更多具体条件下,许多未来的SPS用户在他们的规划中采用了100米这一精度值,但多数情况下,是夸大了实际定位误差。在本文中,我们针对轨道用户星的点定位和动力学轨道确定来研究SA带来的误差。要使SA带来的误差减至最小,非差分用户有几种选择:扩大接收视场;观测尽可能多的GPS卫星;在时间上平滑误差;选用独立计算的GPS精密轨道星历(如NASA和美国测绘局计算的),而不采用广播星历。仿真计算表明,3维点位误差可保持在30米,并且在几小时内能平滑到3米。     

A facility for long-term Mars simulation experiments: the Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH)

We describe the design, construction, and pilot operation of a Mars simulation facility comprised of a cryogenic environmental chamber, an atmospheric gas analyzer, and a xenon/mercury discharge source for UV generation. The Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH) consists of a double-walled cylindrical chamber. The double wall provides a cooling mantle through which liquid N(2) can be circulated. A load-lock system that consists of a small pressure-exchange chamber, which can be evacuated, allows for the exchange of samples without changing the chamber environment. Fitted within the MESCH is a carousel, which holds up to 10 steel sample tubes. Rotation of the carousel is controlled by an external motor. Each sample in the carousel can be placed at any desired position. Environmental data, such as temperature, pressure, and UV exposure time, are computer logged and used in automated feedback mechanisms, enabling a wide variety of experiments that include time series. Tests of the simulation facility have successfully demonstrated its ability to produce temperature cycles and maintain low temperature (down to -140 degrees C), low atmospheric pressure (5-10 mbar), and a gas composition like that of Mars during long-term experiments.     

Mitigation of the impact of terrestrial contamination on organic measurements from the Mars Science Laboratory

The objective of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), which is planned to follow the Mars Exploration Rovers and the Phoenix lander to the surface of Mars, is to explore and assess quantitatively a site on Mars as a potential habitat for present or past life. Specific goals include an assessment of the past or present biological potential of the target environment and a characterization of its geology and geochemistry. Included in the 10 investigations of the MSL rover is the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite, which is designed to obtain trace organic measurements, measure water and other volatiles, and measure several light isotopes with experiment sequences designed for both atmospheric and solid-phase samples. SAM integrates a gas chromatograph, a mass spectrometer, and a tunable laser spectrometer supported by sample manipulation tools both within and external to the suite. The sub-part-per-billion sensitivity of the suite for trace species, particularly organic molecules, along with a mobile platform that will contain many kilograms of organic materials, presents a considerable challenge due to the potential for terrestrial contamination to mask the signal of martian organics. We describe the effort presently underway to understand and mitigate, wherever possible within the resource constraints of the mission, terrestrial contamination in MSL and SAM measurements.     

Establishment of a rearing system of the extremotolerant tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus: a new model animal for astrobiology

Studies on the ability of multicellular organisms to tolerate specific environmental extremes are relatively rare compared to those of unicellular microorganisms in extreme environments. Tardigrades are extremotolerant animals that can enter an ametabolic dry state called anhydrobiosis and have high tolerance to a variety of extreme environmental conditions, particularly while in anhydrobiosis. Although tardigrades have been expected to be a potential model animal for astrobiological studies due to their excellent anhydrobiotic and extremotolerant abilities, few studies of tolerance with cultured tardigrades have been reported, possibly due to the absence of a model species that can be easily maintained under rearing conditions. We report the successful rearing of the herbivorous tardigrade, Ramazzottius varieornatus, by supplying the green alga Chlorella vulgaris as food. The life span was 35 +/- 16.4 d, deposited eggs required 5.7 +/- 1.1 d to hatch, and animals began to deposit eggs 9 d after hatching. The reared individuals of this species had an anhydrobiotic capacity throughout their life cycle in egg, juvenile, and adult stages. Furthermore, the reared adults in an anhydrobiotic state were tolerant of temperatures of 90 degrees C and -196 degrees C, and exposure to 99.8% acetonitrile or irradiation with 4000 Gy (4)He ions. Based on their life history traits and tolerance to extreme stresses, R. varieornatus may be a suitable model for astrobiological studies of multicellular organisms.     

用内压降压试验和埋入式传感器测定固体推进剂的有效模量

赫克力斯(Hercules)公司研制了一种无损试验方法,用埋入式应力传感器系统测定全尺寸老化试验发动机的推进剂模量。该方案包括两项实验计划,一项为标定试样试验;另一项为全尺寸发动机试验。第一项计划用来确定传感器响应和推进剂模量间的关系。其方法是将三种型号的赫克力斯传感器预埋在已知拉伸模量值的推进剂中制成标定试样,进行定水压试验和高速降压试验。根据试验数据作出定压载荷下三种型号传感器响应和推进剂模量的关系曲线。然后根据降压试验数据和定压试验结果提出一项确定标定试样模量的程序。第二项计划采用一台三叉戟-Ⅰ第三级老化试验发动机,发动机绝热层粘贴有几个赫克力斯传感器,采用标定试样所用的低定压试验和快速降压试验方法,根据埋入传感器的响应确定发动机推进剂的模量。实测推进剂模量值和从应力松弛模量主曲线算出的值相当接近。     

光电式向量脱靶量测量系统

本文介绍了太平洋导弹试验中心研究的全电子光电式向量脱靶量测量系统(VSS)。机组编队训练以及武器系统试验和鉴定都需要脱靶量测量系统。利用VSS来确定脱靶距离在60米以内的脱靶距离和弹道数据。为了满足导弹和引信系统的试验和鉴定要求,需要向量脱靶距离。在80财政年度期间,加里福尼亚州戈利塔的圣巴巴拉研究中心(SBRC)为海军设计、制造并试验了一台探索性研制型(EDM)VSS。因为该EDM满足并超过了所有的设计指标,所以海军让SBRC设计、制造、试验更先进的研制型VSS。     

利用弹道试验发动机确定弹道性能

本文研究了燃速参数之间的关系。象确定速度系数和速度指数关系那样,确定了温度和压力敏感系数之间的麦克斯韦关系。按一般条件,导出了发动机和速度敏感系数之间的关系。同时由Geckler和Sprenger根据一般经验公式导出了数据相容性关系。     

对下一代卫星操作控制的系统研究

自1975年发射首颗ETS-1卫星以来,总计已发射了28颗NASDA(日本空间局)卫星。关于卫星的操作,NASDA已经开发了实时遥测/遥控处理系统,可通用于不同类型卫星。目前第三代系统已投入使用。而卫星操作的最新发展趋势则是更加复杂,例如正在出现采纳CCSDS建议的卫星,而且计算机技术也发展的相当迅速。 此外,NASDA在卫星操作中的任务正从主要是卫星星体操作发展为实验/整个卫星任务操作。根据这些情况,NASDA已经开始研究适于操作未来卫星的下一代操作系统。研究中考虑到以下几点: ·任务支持的要求 ·卫星设计的趋势 ·计算机环境的进展 本文是该研究的阶段性报告。