Reduction in clamping force due to applied longitudinal load to aerospace structural bolted plates

The main purpose of the present work is to experimentally and numerically study why and how the magnitude of the bolt clamping force reduces in the aerospace structural bolted plates when they are subjected to a longitudinal tensile load. In the experimental method, a holed plate of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 was clamped using a single bolt fastener, and then tested under an increasing static longitudinal tensile load. The bolt clamping magnitude was determined by using the measured axial compressive strains of a steel bush placed between the nut and plate. Two clamped specimens with different initial clamping forces were studied. In each specimen the actual clamping forces were determined during the longitudinal loading on the plate. In the numerical method, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was generated in order to simulate and quantify the bolt clamping force in the plate model loaded in tension. Both experimental and numerical results showed that the clamping force reduces considerably in the aluminium bolted plates under the longitudinal tensile loading. This is because of the transverse contraction of the plate material that causes the clamped material to release from the initial compression, and as a result, the clamping force to relax.     

超声换能器脉冲波声场数值计算与测试

 对超声无损检测中影响缺陷检出率和缺陷评价准确性的换能器脉冲波声场分布特性进行了研究。提出了一种计算超声换能器脉冲波声场声压分布的新方法,计算了不同带宽的换能器脉冲波声场声压分布。研制了测量换能器脉冲波声场的实验系统,实验结果与通过理论计算得到的声场声压分布有较好的一致性。研究结果为仿真换能器脉冲声场提供了一种新方法,同时为提高超声检测的缺陷检出率和缺陷评价的准确性提供了理论依据。     

Electrical Charging of Volcanic Plumes

Many explosive terrestrial volcanic eruptions are accompanied by lightning and other atmospheric electrical phenomena. The plumes produced generate large perturbations in the surface atmospheric electric potential gradient and high charge densities have been measured on falling volcanic ash particles. The complex nature of volcanic plumes (which contain gases, solid particles, and liquid drops) provides several possible charging mechanisms. For plumes rich in solid silicate particles, fractoemission (the ejection of ions and atomic particles during fracture events) is probably the dominant source of charge generation. In other plumes, such as those created when lava enters the sea, different mechanisms, such as boiling, may be important. Further charging mechanisms may also subsequently operate, downwind of the vent. Other solar system bodies also show evidence for volcanism, with activity ongoing on Io. Consequently, volcanic electrification under different planetary scenarios (on Venus, Mars, Io, Moon, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione and Triton) is also discussed.     

The Search Coil Magnetometer for THEMIS

THEMIS instruments incorporate a tri-axial Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) designed to measure the magnetic components of waves associated with substorm breakup and expansion. The three search coil antennas cover the same frequency bandwidth, from 0.1 Hz to 4 kHz, in the ULF/ELF frequency range. They extend, with appropriate Noise Equivalent Magnetic Induction (NEMI) and sufficient overlap, the measurements of the fluxgate magnetometers. The NEMI of the searchcoil antennas and associated pre-amplifiers is smaller than 0.76 pT $/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ at 10 Hz. The analog signals produced by the searchcoils and associated preamplifiers are digitized and processed inside the Digital Field Box (DFB) and the Instrument Data Processing Unit (IDPU), together with data from the Electric Field Instrument (EFI). Searchcoil telemetry includes waveform transmission, FFT processed data, and data from a filter bank. The frequency range covered depends on the available telemetry. The searchcoils and their three axis structures have been precisely calibrated in a calibration facility, and the calibration of the transfer function is checked on board, usually once per orbit. The tri-axial searchcoils implemented on the five THEMIS spacecraft are working nominally.     

OB Associations, Wolf–Rayet Stars, and the Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays

We have measured the isotopic abundances of neon and a number of other species in the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) using the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) aboard the ACE spacecraft. Our data are compared to recent results from two-component (Wolf–Rayet material plus solar-like mixtures) Wolf–Rayet (WR) models. The three largest deviations of galactic cosmic ray isotope ratios from solar-system ratios predicted by these models, ¹²C/¹⁶O, ²²Ne/²⁰Ne, and ⁵⁸Fe/⁵⁶Fe, are very close to those observed. All of the isotopic ratios that we have measured are consistent with a GCR source consisting of ∼20% of WR material mixed with ∼80% material with solar-system composition. Since WR stars are evolutionary products of OB stars, and most OB stars exist in OB associations that form superbubbles, the good agreement of our data with WR models suggests that OB associations within superbubbles are the likely source of at least a substantial fraction of GCRs. In previous work it has been shown that the primary ⁵⁹Ni (which decays only by electron-capture) in GCRs has decayed, indicating a time interval between nucleosynthesis and acceleration of >10⁵ y. It has been suggested that in the OB association environment, ejecta from supernovae might be accelerated by the high velocity WR winds on a time scale that is short compared to the half-life of ⁵⁹Ni. Thus the ⁵⁹Ni might not have time to decay and this would cast doubt upon the OB association origin of cosmic rays. In this paper we suggest a scenario that should allow much of the ⁵⁹Ni to decay in the OB association environment and conclude that the hypothesis of the OB association origin of cosmic rays appears to be viable.     

温度补偿器在温度过程测量记录仪表中的运用

针对“温度过程测量记录仪表”在使用中因系统误差引起的对加热设备的影响,提出了采用“温度补偿器”对“温度过程测量记录仪表”系统误差进行修正的方法。     

考虑导弹自动驾驶仪二阶动态特性的三维导引律

基于三维(3D)空间坐标系下目标-导弹相对运动方程,考虑导弹自动驾驶仪的二阶动态特性,应用动态面控制方法设计了一种新的三维空间导引律.在设计过程中,通过引入一阶低通滤波器,使得导引律的最终表达式中不含有视线角速率的高阶导数,更易于实际应用.该导引律有效地克服了导弹控制系统的动态延迟对制导精度的影响.将该导引律与未考虑导...     

基于激波风洞的超声速磁流体动力技术实验系统

开展磁流体(MHD)动力技术实验研究,实验系统必须满足两项基本的条件:一是超声速或高超声速气流;二是气流必须是导电流体.基于此,介绍了基于激波风洞的超声速磁流体动力技术实验系统的基本组成、设计思想和调试情况.设计了马赫数Ma=2的超声速喷管及实验段;采用氦气驱动氩气,在平衡接触面运行方式下得到高温气体,通过在低压段注入...     

整体叶盘通道电解加工电极多维运动轨迹优化

为了提高整体叶盘通道余量分布的均匀性,提出了电极运动轨迹优化方法.分析了电解加工间隙对电极运动轨迹的影响,优化了工具电极在叶顶及叶根圆柱面上的运动轨迹,并基于轨迹线上采样点作拟合垂线段中点的样条曲线获得新的轨迹线.为了验证优化后轨迹的合理性,进行了叶盘通道电解加工对比试验.试验表明,与优化前的轨迹相比,采用优化后的轨迹...     

The Dawn Mission to Vesta and Ceres

A review of present understanding of the dissipation region in magnetic reconnection is presented. The review focuses on results of the thermal inertia-based dissipation mechanism but alternative mechanisms are mentioned as well. For the former process, a combination of analytical theory and numerical modeling is presented. Furthermore, a new relation between the electric field expressions for anti-parallel and guide field reconnection is developed.