Isolated generating periodic solutions to the Beletsky equation

We study degeneracies in families of periodic solutions to the Beletsky equation which correspond to intersections of three manifolds of these solutions: the symmetric, the asymmetric, and the manifold belonging to one of the integrable cases, i.e., e = 0 or μ = 0. We obtain equations for these isolated solutions, which allow us to compute them with an arbitrary precision. It is shown that additional degeneracies take place at some of these solutions. The method we use is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) depending on parameters.     

The concept of a Space-Space interferometer for observations in mm and sub-mm wavebands

At present, space radio astronomers and engineers study the prospects of design of the second-generation ground-space interferometers for astrophysical research with the microsecond angular resolution of sources. The implemented Japanese VSOP project (1998–2003) and the Russian Radioastron project (under preparation for space flight) are related to the first generation. In this paper, the ideology and configuration of the Space-Space interferometer are considered. It would allow one to obtain principally new capabilities: to exclude the Earth’s atmosphere influence, to realize a quasi-phase-stable interferometer, and to remove the problems of electromagnetic compatibility with other services. Moreover, a capability will appear to carry out preliminary correlation processing onboard the spacecraft due to achievement of small residual uncertainties in signal delay and frequency and, owing to this, to realize onboard data compression in order to transmit data to the Earth by usual space communication channel.     

Biomarker and stable isotope characterization of coastal pond-derived organic matter, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Small coastal ponds that contain photosynthetic microbial mat communities represent an extreme environment where a potentially significant source of labile organic carbon can be found within the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. To distinguish coastal pond-derived organic matter from other sources of organic matter in the Dry Valleys, bulk organic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope signatures and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles of benthic microbial mats located at two sites--Hjorth Hill coast and Garwood Valley--were investigated. The average isotope values at Hjorth Hill coast and Garwood Valley are, respectively, -10.9 per thousand and -10.2 per thousand for delta(13) C, 3.7 per thousand and -1.3 per thousand for delta(15)N, and 8.1 per thousand and 16.7 per thousand for delta(34)S. Microbial mats from all ponds are dominated by monounsaturated PLFAs (indicative of Gram-negative bacteria) and polyunsaturated PLFAs (indicative of microeukaryotes). Biomarkers specific to aerobic prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and photoautotrophic microeukaryotes, as well as sulfur-reducing bacteria, are present in all samples. Benthic mats at Garwood Valley are thicker and more laminated, have a higher biomass, and have a greater carbon and nitrogen content, which suggests greater productivity than mats at Hjorth Hill coast. Greater productivity is supported, as well, by higher dissolved oxygen contents likely derived from heightened photosynthetic productivity. More productivity at Garwood Valley likely results from a larger influx of terrestrial surface waters together with a concomitant nutrient loading.     

Development of a plant growth unit for growing plants over a long-term life cycle under microgravity conditions.

To study the effect of the space environment on plant growth including the reproductive growth and genetic aberration for a long-term plant life cycle, we have initiated development of a new type of facility for growing plants under microgravity conditions. The facility is constructed with subsystems for controlling environmental elements. In this paper, the concept of the facility design is outlined. Subsystems controlling air temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, light and air circulation around plants and delivering recycled water and nutrients to roots are the major concerns. Plant experiments for developing the facility and future plant experiments with the completed facility are also overviewed. We intend to install this facility in the Japan Experiment Facility (JEM) boarded on the International Space Station.     

A Quasi-Spherical Air Pressure Probe

This paper considers an air pressure probe, the head part of which is made in the form of a polyhedron inscribed into a sphere. Wind tunnel testing of the probe models is performed, a mathematical model and an algorithm are constructed to calculate all the altitude and airspeed parameters, and an error estimation is given.     

Influence of Body Waves,Instrumentation Resonances,and Prior Assumptions on Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity Inversion for Shallow Structure at the InSight Landing Site

Based on an updated model of the regolith’s elastic properties, we simulate the ambient vibrations background wavefield recorded by InSight’s Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) on Mars to characterise the influence of the regolith and invert SEIS data for shallow subsurface structure. By approximately scaling the synthetics based on seismic signals of a terrestrial dust devil, we find that the high-frequency atmospheric background wavefield should be above the self-noise of SEIS’s SP sensors, even if the signals are not produced within 100–200 m of the station. We compare horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios and Rayleigh wave ellipticity curves for a surface-wave based simulation on the one hand with synthetics explicitly considering body waves on the other hand and do not find any striking differences. Inverting the data, we find that the results are insensitive to assumptions on density. By contrast, assumptions on the velocity range in the upper-most layer have a strong influence on the results also at larger depth. Wrong assumptions can lead to results far from the true model in this case. Additional information on the general shape of the curve, i.e. single or dual peak, could help to mitigate this effect, even if it cannot directly be included into the inversion. We find that the ellipticity curves can provide stronger constraints on the minimum thickness and velocity of the second layer of the model than on the maximum values. We also consider the effect of instrumentation resonances caused by the lander flexible modes, solar panels, and the SEIS levelling system. Both the levelling system resonances and the lander flexible modes occur at significantly higher frequencies than the expected structural response, i.e. above 35 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively. While the lander and solar panel resonances might be too weak in amplitude to be recorded by SEIS, the levelling system resonances will show up clearly in horizontal spectra, the H/V and ellipticity curves. They are not removed by trying to extract only Rayleigh-wave dominated parts of the data. However, they can be distinguished from any subsurface response by their exceptionally low damping ratios of 1% or less as determined by random decrement analysis. The same applies to lander-generated signals observed in actual data from a Moon analogue experiment, so we expect this analysis will be useful in identifying instrumentation resonances in SEIS data.     

Super rogue wave catalysis in Titan’s ionosphere

Super rogue ion-acoustic waves are proposed as a physical catalyst for the heavy hydrocarbon ions formation in the Titan ionosphere. We justified that analytically and numerically by probing a Titan referenced plasma system, consists of the most abundant positive ions and superthermal electrons. A solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) has provided us by the plasma (un) stable regions at altitude 900–1200 km from the Titan surface with superthermal parameter values, relative ion to electron densities, and temperature ratio variations. Our results are not only agreed with the Cassini data but also predict a chemistry independent approach for the heavy hydrocarbons’ formation conditions.     

Dynamics of Quasi-Biennal Variations of Cosmic Rays and Solar Activity

The quasi-biennial variations in the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) have been studied based on the data of stratospheric sensing and measurements by neutron monitors, as well as in various manifestations of solar activity and interplanetary medium parameters. It has been shown that quasi-biennial GCR variations are caused by variations with the same period in the mean magnetic field of the Sun that coincide with them over time and have been identified in the anti-phase, which respond to the sign of this field. The variations in the quasi-biennial cosmic ray are caused by quasi-biennial variations in the mean magnetic field of the Sun via the quasi-biennial variations in the interplanetary magnetic field.     

Influence Analysis of the Second Bypass Air Bleed Parameters on the Engine Performance

This paper considers double bypass aircraft engine with controlled air bleed to the second bypass duct. Its performance is evaluated by mathematical modeling techniques. The second bypass air bleed amount is determined to provide the best engine efficiency at various operating modes.