加强机务班组建设

一线机务班组是机务系统中的最基层组织,为保证航空安全必须使一线机务班组的管理具有有效性,以使团队在职业道德、工作效率、效益成果等有较为突出的表现。并使班组成员通过有效地管理个人能力得到提升,在团队中找到归属感与成就感。     

The application of micro-CT in monitoring bone alterations in tail-suspended rats in vivo

Osteopenia is a pathological process that affects human skeletal health not only on earth but also in long-time spaceflight. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a nondestructive method for assessing both bone quantity and bone quality. To investigate the characteristics of micro-CT on evaluating the microgravity-induced osteopenia (e.g. early detection time and the sensitive parameters), the bone loss process of tail-suspended rats was monitored by micro-CT in this study. 8-Week-old female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: tail suspension (TS) and control (CON). Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and microstructure of the femur and tibia were evaluated in vivo by micro-CT at 0, 7, 14, 22 days. Biomechanical properties of the femur and tibia were determined by three-point bending test. The ash weight of bone was also investigated. The results showed that (1) bone loss in the proximal tibia appeared earlier than in the distal femur. (2) On day 7, the percent bone volume (BV/TV) of the tibia 15.44% decreased significantly, and the trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) 30.29% increased significantly in TS group, both of which were detected earlier than other parameters. (3) Biomechanical properties (e.g. femur, −22.4% maximum load and −23.75% Young’s modulus vs. CON) and ash weight of the femur and tibia decreased significantly in the TS group in comparison to CON group. (4) vBMD of the femur and tibia were clearly related to bone ash and dry weight (r = 0.75–0.87, p < 0.05). (5) BV/TV of both femur and tibia were clearly related to maximum load and Young’s modulus (r = 0.66–0.87, p < 0.05). Similarly, trabecular vBMD and BV/TV of the femur and tibia were clearly related to Young’s modulus (r = 0.73–0.89, p < 0.05). These indicated that BV/TV and Tb.Sp were more sensitive than other parameters for evaluating bone loss induced by tail suspension, moreover, trabecular vBMD and other parameters might be used to evaluate bone strength. Therefore, micro-CT is a reliable and sensitive method for predicting unloading-induced bone loss in small animals.     

The influence of the spatial and temporal collocation windows on the comparisons of the ionospheric characteristic parameters derived from COSMIC radio occultation and digisondes

GPS radio occultation (RO) ionospheric products obtained by Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission during the year of 2014 and the observations from 3 digisonde stations which are located at different latitudes are used to study the influence of different time and space collocation windows on the comparisons of the ionospheric characteristic parameters (ICPs), including the peak density and peak height, derived from the two techniques. The results show that the correlation coefficients (CC) and the standard deviation of the absolute biases (SDAB) between the ICPs derived from the two techniques vary distinctly under different spatial and time collocation windows. Generally, the CC (SDAB) of the ICPs decrease (increase) as the size of the collocation window increases in time dimension or in space dimension. The rate of change of the statistic parameters with the increase in the size of the collocation window in time dimension and space dimension is analyzed for each digisonde station. It is found that within the collocation window of $\left(60\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n},{20}^{°},{20}^{°}\right)$, the influence of the increase of $1^{°}$ in the space window on the statistical comparison is much more significant than that of the increase of 1?min in the time window, and it is suggested that there can be appropriate relaxation on the time window within the threshold of 60?min to get a balance between the quality of the comparison results and the number of the matched pairs. In addition, it is found that the same variations in the longitude window and in the latitude window may have different influences on the comparison results when the horizontal gradients in electron density are distinctly different along different directions at the digisonde station, and strict space collocation window is preferred when comparing the observations from COSMIC RO with those from the digisonde station in such cases.     

增强立尾效益的主动流动控制

本文叙述和讨论了某些增强立尾效益的主动流动控制（AFC）技术的研究。在NASA ERA项目支持下Rensselaer学院完成了4%和5%缩比立尾模型的合成射流AFC风洞试验,加州理工学院完成了14%缩比立尾模型的振荡射流AFC风洞试验,后者表明当动量系数为1.7%时可获50%的侧向力增量。基于将上述两种AFC技术集成于飞机系统的可行性研究,Boeing在Ames NFAC（40 ft×80 ft风洞）完成了B-757全尺寸立尾风洞模型试验,在风速为100 knots,方向舵偏角为30°和侧滑角为0°与-7.5°下,得出采用31个振荡射流激振器可获得20%侧向力增量。NASA ERA项目组与Boeing共同努力在2015年春实现了装有31个振荡射流激振器的B-757 ecoDemonstrator飞行试验。飞行员反馈和13%~16%侧向力增量的飞行试验初步分析结果表明了振荡射流AFC技术的成功。     

Interface flux reconstruction method based on optimized weight essentially non-oscillatory scheme

Aimed at the computational aeroacoustics multi-scale problem of complex configurations discretized with multi-size mesh, the flux reconstruction method based on modified Weight Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) scheme is proposed at the interfaces of multi-block grids. With the idea of Dispersion-Relation-Preserving (DRP) scheme, different weight coefficients are obtained by optimization, so that it is in WENO schemes with various characteristics of dispersion and dissipation. On the basis, hybrid flux vector splitting method is utilized to intelligently judge the amplitude of the gap between grid interfaces. After the simulation and analysis of 1D convection equation with different initial conditions, modified WENO scheme is proved to be able to independently distinguish the gap amplitude and generate corresponding dissipation according to the grid resolution. Using the idea of flux reconstruction at grid interfaces, modified WENO scheme with increasing dissipation is applied at grid points, while DRP scheme with low dispersion and dissipation is applied at the inner part of grids. Moreover, Gauss impulse spread and periodic point sound source flow among three cylinders with multi-scale grids are carried out. The results show that the flux reconstruction method at grid interfaces is capable of dealing with Computational AeroAcoustics (CAA) multi-scale problems.     

基于侧扫声纳图像的AUV侧向速度估计与DVL粗差检测

复杂水底环境和自主潜航器(AUV）机动会造成Doppler测速仪(DVL）速度测量结果中出现粗差,提出一种检测DVL速度粗差数据的方法。该方法利用侧扫声纳图像数据,结合SIFT特征匹配算法求取声纳图像的边缘特征点。根据声纳图像成像原理,计算出每一帧图像相对上一帧图像对应特征点像素的横向平移量;结合特征像素平移量与AUV实际横向位移的比例尺度关系以及声纳侧扫周期推算出AUV侧向速度。该侧向速度用于检测水下组合导航中DVL的速度粗差,在几十米水深的浅水区,该方法能够检测并剔除出大于0.2m/s的DVL侧向速度粗差,显著减小DVL前向速度误差。算法可实时实现,改善AUV水下组合导航性能。     

无人机制造外形气动偏差评估方法

气动外形对无人机起着至关重要的作用,有必要对其制造外形的气动偏差进行评估。利用数字摄影测量系统获得无人机制造外形的点云数据;以机头为参考点,将测量点云数据模型与理论模型的坐标系重合,对比重合度并统计无人机制造外形与理论外形的几何偏差分布;根据点云数据进行逆向建模,获得无人机制造外形的三维模型;对无人机理论外形进行CFD计算,与其风洞试验数据进行对比,通过调整网格及计算方法,得到与试验数据相吻合的CFD计算方法;以此方法计算得到无人机制造外形的气动数据,并与无人机的理论气动力进行对比。结果表明:此评估方法能够定量地评估外形制造偏差对无人机气动特性的影响。     

一种多钉铆接连接件的疲劳寿命分析方法

针对目前对多钉铆接连接件进行疲劳寿命分析时的可行性不高、计算量较大等问题,提出一种更加有效可靠的预测多钉铆接连接件的疲劳寿命的方法。对多钉铆接连接件进行疲劳寿命分析时,先对压铆铆接过程进行了显示动力学分析,获得铆接后的钉、孔变形形式和干涉量,并编写了APDL子程序用于各种形式试件的铆接过程分析。用紧固件的载荷-位移曲线进行细节应力分析。基于三维弹塑性有限元法建立铆接连接件的载荷-位移计算方法,并通过与试验结果对比,说明用本文方法获取载荷-位移曲线的可靠性。在ANSYS中建立钉单元,并实现参数化建模进行钉载计算。使用应力严重系数法估算连接件疲劳寿命。开展典型航空铆接连接件疲劳试验,计算结果与试验结果一致性较好,说明计算方法的可行性。