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41.
It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond bursts of x-rays associated with lightning leaders, to sub-millisecond bursts of gamma-rays seen in space called terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, to minute long glows from thunderclouds seen on the ground and in or near the cloud by aircraft and balloons. In particular, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs), which are thought to be emitted by thunderclouds, are so bright that they sometimes saturate detectors on spacecraft hundreds of kilometers away. These TGFs also generate energetic secondary electrons and positrons that are detected by spacecraft in the inner magnetosphere. It is generally believed that these x-ray and gamma-ray emissions are generated, via bremsstrahlung, by energetic runaway electrons that are accelerated by electric fields in the atmosphere. In this paper, we review this newly emerging field of High-Energy Atmospheric Physics, including the production of runaway electrons, the production and propagation of energetic radiation, and the effects of both on atmospheric electrodynamics. 相似文献
42.
Steven R. Spangler 《Space Science Reviews》2005,121(1-4):189-200
I discuss a method for determining the strength and spatial structure of the coronal magnetic field by observations of the
Faraday rotation of a radio galaxy which is in conjunction with the Sun. Given a knowledge of the plasma density in the outer
corona, and the magnetic field sector structure (both independently available), the strength of the coronal field can be determined,
as well as the magnitude of spatial variations on scales of 1000 km to several solar radii. Such knowledge is crucial for
testing computational models of the solar corona, which are prominently featured in this meeting. Results are presented from
observations with the Very Large Array radio telescope of the radio galaxy 3C228 on August 16, 2003, when the line of sight
to the source was at heliocentic distances of 7.1−6.2R
⊙. The observations are consistent with a coronal magnetic field which is proportional to the inverse square of the distance
in the range 6 ≤ r ≤ 10R
⊙, and has a value of 39 mG at 6.2R
⊙. The Faraday rotation is uniform across the source, indicating an absence of strong plasma inhomogeneity on spatial scales
up to 35,000 km. 相似文献
43.
精密齿轮的成形磨削与拓扑修形 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
150年前,John Holroyd在曼彻斯特创立了自己的工程公司,培养了一批在工业革命时期很有声望的人,例如Joseph Whitworth,他使螺纹标准化并研制出精密测量仪器.今天我们已经研发出一个用于斜齿轮精密齿形磨削的系统.该系统利用机床在线齿形测量,将补偿信息反馈至砂轮修整系统.机床可通过高精度的内置"智能"自动调整,从而减少操作者的人工介入.该系统精度高,过程控制自动化且加工成本低. 相似文献
44.
45.
Steven T. Suess 《Space Science Reviews》1979,23(2):159-200
Models of plasma flow in a coronal hole fall naturally into four classes. These are: (i) radial flow on a streamline along which the divergence is assumed to vary differently than as the square of the radial distance from the Sun; (ii) global flow along streamlines determined in some independent manner; (iii) empirical models originating in, or based strongly on observation; (iv) dynamic models using magnetic and plasma boundary conditions low in the corona to find both the geometry of streamlines and the flow field.To date, models both of ideal coronal holes and of specific observed coronal holes indicate that flow velocities above 100 km s+1, and temperatures of perhaps 2 × 106K are possible at 2R
heliocentric distance, where densities of 2 × 105 cm+3 have been reported. These velocities are at, or just above the sound speed, although still sub-Alfvénic. There is also general agreement among models of large polar holes that conversion of mechanical wave energy flux into solar wind kinetic energy is occurring in the 2R
to 5R
range, perhaps occurs even further outwards, and that the magnitude and extent of this energy deposition depends on the size and on the geometrical divergence of the hole.However, each model exhibits distinct weaknesses counteracted only by the complimentary nature of the various types of models. Models in class (i) are simply not global representations, but are tractable when dealing with complex forms of the energy equation or with several ion species. Class (ii) models lack any geometrical information beyond the ad hoc assumption of known streamline geometry, but have the same advantages as those in class (i). Class (iii) models cannot determine streamline geometry within a hole and do not extend further from the Sun than the available data — although they place important constraints on models in the other classes. Class (iv) models are limited to simple forms of the energy equation and/or to quasi-radial flow, but are the only models producing self-consistent streamline geometries through inclusion of transverse magnetic stresses in the momentum equation.Most limitations in coronal hole flow models can be eliminated by using known numerical techniques to combine models in classes (i), (ii), and (iv). This would allow detailed models of coronal holes and corresponding interplanetary conditions to be developed for specific time periods, at the cost of flexibility and possibly also general conceptual understanding. Nevertheless, the concept of a coronal hole is now reasonably well established, and acceptable modelling approaches are rapidly filling the literature. It can be anticipated that the evolution of these models, together with present and future observations, will bring us much nearer to understanding coronal energetics and dynamics.Proceedings of the Symposium on Solar Terrestrial Physics held in Innsbruck, May–June 1978. 相似文献
46.
Maria T. Zuber Oded Aharonson Jonathan M. Aurnou Andrew F. Cheng Steven A. Hauck II Moritz H. Heimpel Gregory A. Neumann Stanton J. Peale Roger J. Phillips David E. Smith Sean C. Solomon Sabine Stanley 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):105-132
Current geophysical knowledge of the planet Mercury is based upon observations from ground-based astronomy and flybys of the
Mariner 10 spacecraft, along with theoretical and computational studies. Mercury has the highest uncompressed density of the
terrestrial planets and by implication has a metallic core with a radius approximately 75% of the planetary radius. Mercury’s
spin rate is stably locked at 1.5 times the orbital mean motion. Capture into this state is the natural result of tidal evolution
if this is the only dissipative process affecting the spin, but the capture probability is enhanced if Mercury’s core were
molten at the time of capture. The discovery of Mercury’s magnetic field by Mariner 10 suggests the possibility that the core
is partially molten to the present, a result that is surprising given the planet’s size and a surface crater density indicative
of early cessation of significant volcanic activity. A present-day liquid outer core within Mercury would require either a
core sulfur content of at least several weight percent or an unusual history of heat loss from the planet’s core and silicate
fraction. A crustal remanent contribution to Mercury’s observed magnetic field cannot be ruled out on the basis of current
knowledge. Measurements from the MESSENGER orbiter, in combination with continued ground-based observations, hold the promise
of setting on a firmer basis our understanding of the structure and evolution of Mercury’s interior and the relationship of
that evolution to the planet’s geological history. 相似文献
47.
Alexia Galati Steven M. Weisberg Nora S. Newcombe Marios N. Avraamides 《Spatial Cognition & Computation》2018,18(1):1-30
How does gesturing during route learning relate to subsequent spatial performance? We examined the relationship between gestures produced spontaneously while studying route directions and spatial representations of the navigated environment. Participants studied route directions, then navigated those routes from memory in a virtual environment, and finally had their memory of the environment assessed. We found that, for navigators with low spatial perspective-taking performance on the Spatial Orientation Test, more gesturing from a survey perspective predicted more accurate memory following navigation. Thus, co-thought gestures accompanying route learning relate to performance selectively, depending on the gesturers’ spatial ability and the perspective of their gestures. Survey gestures may help some individuals visualize an overall route that they can retain in memory. 相似文献
48.
49.
Dehant Veronique Debaille Vinciane Dobos Vera Gaillard Fabrice Gillmann Cedric Goderis Steven Grenfell John Lee Höning Dennis Javaux Emmanuelle J. Karatekin Özgür Morbidelli Alessandro Noack Lena Rauer Heike Scherf Manuel Spohn Tilman Tackley Paul Van Hoolst Tim Wünnemann Kai 《Space Science Reviews》2019,215(6):1-48
Space Science Reviews - This paper reviews habitability conditions for a terrestrial planet from the point of view of geosciences. It addresses how interactions between the interior of a planet or... 相似文献
50.
Steven G. Labbe Leopoldo F. Perez Steve Fitzgerald Jos M. A. Longo Rafael Molina Marc Rapuc 《Aerospace Science and Technology》1999,3(8):485-493
The characterisation of the aeroshape selected for the X-38 [Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) demonstrator] is presently being performed as a co-operative endeavour between NASA, DLR (through its TETRA Program), and the European Space Agency (ESA) with Dassault Aviation integrating the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic activities. The methodologies selected for characterizing the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic environment of the X-38 are presented. 相似文献