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411.
It has been underappreciated that inorganic processes can produce stromatolites (laminated macroscopic constructions commonly attreibuted to microbiological activity), thus calling into question the long-standing use of stromatolites as de facto evidence for ancient life. Using lossless compression on unmagnified reflectance red-green-blue (RGB) images of matched stromatolite-sediment matrix pairs as a complexity metric, the compressibility index (delta(c), the log ratio of the ratio of the compressibility of the matrix versus the target) of a putative abiotic test stromatolite is significantly less than the delta(c) of a putative biotic test stromatolite. There is a clear separation in delta(c) between the different stromatolites discernible at the outcrop scale. In terms of absolute compressibility, the sediment matrix between the stromatolite columns was low in both cases, the putative abiotic stromatolite was similar to the intracolumnar sediment, and the putative biotic stromatolite was much greater (again discernible at the outcrop scale). We propose tht this metric would be useful for evaluating the biogenicity of images obtained by the camera systems available on every Mars surface probe launched to date including Viking, Pathfinder, Beagle, and the two Mars Exploration Rovers. 相似文献
412.
ESA astronauts' ISS flight opportunities are considered as a vital source to meet the utilisation, operation and political objectives that Europe has established for participating in the International Space Station programme. Recent internal ESA assessments have demonstrated that a rate of three flights per year for European Astronauts should be maintained as a minimum objective. The current flight rate is lower than this. In order to improve this situation, in the context of the activation of the ESA ISS Commercialisation programme, ESA is developing the conditions for the establishment of commercially based human spaceflights with the financial support of both ESA and the private sector or, in the future, only the latter. ESA is working in a Partnership with the space industry to facilitate the implementation of such projects and support customers with a range of end-to-end commercial services. The opportunities and challenges of a "commercial human spaceflight", involving a member of the European Astronaut Corps, or a privately employed flight participant, are discussed here. 相似文献
413.
Avdeev S Bidoli V Casolino M De Grandis E Furano G Morselli A Narici L De Pascale MP Picozza P Reali E Sparvoli R Boezio M Carlson P Bonvicini W Vacchi A Zampa N Castellini G Fuglesang C Galper A Khodarovich A Ozerov Y Popov A Vavilov N Mazzenga G Ricci M Sannita WG Spillantini P 《Acta Astronautica》2002,50(8):511-525
The phenomenon of light flashes (LF) in eyes for people in space has been investigated onboard Mir. Data on particles hitting the eye have been collected with the SilEye detectors, and correlated with human observations. It is found that a nucleus in the radiation environment of Mir has roughly a 1% probability to cause an LF, whereas the proton probability is almost three orders of magnitude less. As a function of LET, the LF probability increases above 10 keV/micrometer, reaching about 5% at around 50 keV/micrometer. 相似文献
414.
V Bidoli M Casolino M P De Pascale G Furano A Morselli L Narici P Picozza E Reali R Sparvoli A M Galper A V Ozerov YuVPopov N R Vavilov A P Alexandrov S V Avdeev Y u Baturin Y u Budarin G Padalko V G Shabelnikov G Barbellini W Bonvicini A Vacchi N Zampa S Bartalucci G Mazzenga M Ricci O Adriani P Spillantini M Boezio P Carlson C Fuglesang G Castellini W G Sannita 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2000,25(10):2075-2079
The SilEye experiment aims to study the cause and processes related to the anomalous Light Flashes (LF) perceived by astronauts in orbit and their relation with Cosmic Rays. These observations will be also useful in the study of the long duration manned space flight environment. Two PC-driven silicon detector telescopes have been built and placed aboard Space Station MIR. SilEye-1 was launched in 1995 and provided particles track and LF information; the data gathered indicate a linear dependence of FLF(Hz) ( 4 2) 10(3) 5.3 1.7 10(4) Fpart(Hz) if South Atlantic Anomaly fluxes are not included. Even though higher statistic is required, this is an indication that heavy ion interactions with the eye are the main LF cause. To improve quality and quantity of measurements, a second apparatus, SilEye-2, was placed on MIR in 1997, and started work from August 1998. This instrument provides energetic information, which allows nuclear identification in selected energy ranges; we present preliminary measurements of the radiation field inside MIR performed with SilEye-2 detector in June 1998. 相似文献
415.
Y. Yan J. Huang B. Chen Y. Liu C. Tan 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
Radio bursts with fine structures in decimetric–centimetric wave range are generally believed to manifest the primary energy release process during flare/CME events. By spectropolarimeters in 1–2 GHz, 2.6–3.8 GHz, and 5.2–7.6 GHz at NAOC/Huairou with very high temporal (1.25–8 ms) and spectral (4–20 MHz) resolutions, the zebra patterns, spikes, and new types of radio fine structures with mixed frequency drift features are observed during several significant flare/CME events. In this paper we will discuss the occurrence of radio fine structures during the impulsive phase of flares and/or CME initiations, which may be connected to the magnetic reconnection processes. 相似文献
416.
C. Satirapod I. Trisirisatayawong L. Fleitout J.D. Garaud W.J.F. Simons 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
Following previous findings from ongoing GPS research in Thailand since 2004 we continue to exploit the GPS technique to monitor and model land motions induced by the Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake. Our latest results show that up to the end of 2010, Thailand has been co-seismically displaced and is subsequently undergoing a post-seismic horizontal deformation with total displacements (co-seismic plus post-seismic) ranging from 10.5 to 74.7 cm. We observed the largest horizontal displacements in the southern part of Thailand and moderate and small displacements in the central and northern parts. In addition to horizontal displacements throughout Thailand, continuous GPS measurements show that large parts of Thailand are subsiding at rates up to 1 cm/yr. It is the first time that such vertical post-seismic deformations at large distances (650–1500 km away from the Earthquake’s epicentre) have been recorded. We have investigated the physical processes leading to the observed subsidence. While after-slip on the subduction interface induces negligible or even slightly positive vertical motions, relaxation in the asthenosphere is associated with a sizable subsidence. Predictions from a 3D finite element model feature an asthenosphere with an effective viscosity of the order of 3 * 1018 Pas, fit the horizontal post-seismic data and the observed subsidence well. This model is then used to predict the subsidence over the whole seismic cycle. The subsidence should go on with a diminishing rate through the next two decades and its final magnitude should not exceed 10 cm in the Bangkok area. 相似文献
417.
W. Menn O. Adriani G.C. Barbarino G.A. Bazilevskaya R. Bellotti M. Boezio E.A. Bogomolov L. Bonechi M. Bongi V. Bonvicini S. Borisov S. Bottai A. Bruno F. Cafagna D. Campana R. Carbone P. Carlson M. Casolino G. Castellini L. Consiglio M.P. De Pascale C. De Santis N. De Simone V. Di Felice A.M. Galper W. Gillard L. Grishantseva G. Jerse A.V. Karelin S.V. Koldashov S.Y. Krutkov A.N. Kvashnin A. Leonov V. Malakhov V. Malvezzi L. Marcelli A.G. Mayorov V.V. Mikhailov E. Mocchiutti A. Monaco N. Mori N. Nikonov G. Osteria F. Palma P. Papini M. Pearce P. Picozza C. Pizzolotto M. Ricci S.B. Ricciarini 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
418.
Le Cadre J.-P. Jaetffret C. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1999,35(3):801-818
This paper deals with the analysis of the convergence of iterative methods for bearings only tracking (BOT). A geometric and unified framework is developed. Explicit sufficient conditions ensuring convergence of iterative methods for maximization of the likelihood functional are then derived 相似文献
419.
Flutter and time errors are critical factors in all instrumentation recording. This paper presents analytically the relationship between flutter, time base error, and time base error difference (sometimes called jitter), and the effects of these factors on direct and FM recording. Methods of measuring these quantities are discussed and experimental examples are given. Finally, a measurement method for the interchannel time error is presented, and some trends of correlation among all channels are discussed. 相似文献
420.
The Monitor-E spacecraft executed uncontrolled flight due to emergency situation, no telemetry information on parameters of the spacecraft’s
attitude motion being available. So, the problem arose to determine the spacecraft’s rotational motion from the accessible
indirect information—the electric current provided by solar batteries. In this paper the integrated statistical technique
is described, that allows one to solve this problem. The values of current, obtained over the time interval some tens of minutes
long, have been processed simultaneously by the least squares method using the integration of the equations of spacecraft’s
rotational motion. As a result of processing, the initial conditions of motion were estimated, and the spacecraft’s moments
of inertia were updated, as well as the angles, specifying solar batteries position in the spacecraft-fixed coordinate system.
The results of processing of 12 data sets are presented, which allowed us to reconstruct the actual rotational motion of the
spacecraft. 相似文献