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191.
J. Büchner 《Space Science Reviews》2006,122(1-4):149-160
Current sheets are essential for energy dissipation in the solar corona, in particular by enabling magnetic reconnection.
Unfortunately, sufficiently thin current sheets cannot be resolved observationally and the theory of their formation is an
unresolved issue as well. We consider two predictors of coronal current concentrations, both based on geometrical or even
topological properties of a force-free coronal magnetic field. First, there are separatrices related to magnetic nulls. Through
separatrices the magnetic connectivity changes discontinuously. Coronal magnetic nulls are, however, very rare. Second, inspired
by the concept of generalized magnetic reconnection without nulls, quasi-separatrix layers (QSL) were suggested. Through QSL
the magnetic connectivity changes continuously, though strongly. The strength of the connectivity change can be quantified
by measuring the squashing of the flux tubes which connect the magnetically conjugated photospheres.
We verify the QSL and separatrix concepts by comparing the sites of magnetic nulls and enhanced squashing with the location
of current concentrations in the corona. Due to the known difficulties of their direct observation, we simulated coronal current
sheets by numerically calculating the response of the corona to energy input from the photosphere, heating a simultaneously
observed Extreme Ultraviolet Bright Point. We did not find coronal current sheets at separatrices but at several QSL locations.
The reason is that, although the geometrical properties of force-free extrapolated magnetic fields can indeed hint at possible
current concentrations, a necessary condition for current sheet formation is the local energy input into the corona. 相似文献
192.
J. Büchner 《Space Science Reviews》2006,124(1-4):345-360
Reconnection is a major commonality of solar and magnetospheric physics. It was conjectured by Giovanelli in 1946 to explain
particle acceleration in solar flares near magnetic neutral points. Since than it has been broadly applied in space physics
including magnetospheric physics. In a special way this is due to Harry Petschek, who in 1994 published his ground breaking
solution for a 2D magnetized plasma flow in regions containing singularities of vanishing magnetic field. Petschek’s reconnection
theory was questioned in endless disputes and arguments, but his work stimulated the further investigation of this phenomenon
like no other. However, there are questions left open. We consider two of them – “anomalous” resistivity in collisionless
space plasma and the nature of reconnection in three dimensions. The CLUSTER and SOHO missions address these two aspects of
reconnection in a complementary way -- the resistivity problem in situ in the magnetosphere and the 3D aspect by remote sensing of the Sun. We demonstrate that the search for answers to both questions
leads beyond the applicability of analytical theories and that appropriate numerical approaches are necessary to investigate
the essentially nonlinear and nonlocal processes involved. Necessary are both micro-physical, kinetic Vlasov-equation based
methods of investigation as well as large scale (MHD) simulations to obtain the geometry and topology of the acting fields
and flows. 相似文献
193.
Dust is an important constituent of cometary emission; its analysis is one of the major objectives of ESA’s Rosetta mission
to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C–G). Several instruments aboard Rosetta are dedicated to studying various aspects of
dust in the cometary coma, all of which require a certain level of exposure to dust to achieve their goals. At the same time,
impacts of dust particles can constitute a hazard to the spacecraft. To conciliate the demands of dust collection instruments
and spacecraft safety, it is desirable to assess the dust environment in the coma even before the arrival of Rosetta. We describe
the present status of modelling the dust coma of 67P/C–G and predict the speed and flux of dust in the coma, the dust fluence
on a spacecraft along sample trajectories, and the radiation environment in the coma. The model will need to be refined when
more details of the coma are revealed by observations. An overview of astronomical observations of 67P/C–G is given, because
model parameters are derived from this data if possible. For quantities not yet measured for 67P/C–G, we use values obtained
for other comets, e.g. concerning the optical and compositional properties of the dust grains. One of the most important and
most controversial parameters is the dust mass distribution. We summarise the mass distribution functions derived from the
in-situ measurements at comet 1P/Halley in 1986. For 67P/C–G, constraining the mass distribution is currently only possible
by the analysis of astronomical images. We find that both the dust mass distribution and the time dependence of the dust production
rate of 67P/C–G are those of a fairly typical comet. 相似文献
194.
A Baüerle R H Anken R Hilbig N Baumhauer H Rahmann 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(7):1598-1601
Humans taking part in parabolic aircraft flights (PAFs) may suffer from space motion sickness (SMS, a kinetosis). Since it has been repeatedly shown earlier that some fish of a given batch also reveal a kinetotic behavior during PAFs (especially so-called spinning movements and looping responses) and due to the homology of the vestibular apparatus among all vertebrates, fish can be used as model systems to investigate the origin of susceptibility to motion sickness. Therefore, we examined the utricular maculae (they are responsible for the internalization of gravity in teleosteans) of fish swimming kinetotically at microgravity in comparison with animals from the same batch who swam normally. On the histological level, it was found that the total number of both sensory and supporting cells of the utricular maculae did not differ between kinetotic animals as compared to normally swimming fish. Cell density (sensory and supporting cells/100 micrometers2), however, was reduced in kinetotic animals (p<0.0001), which seemed to be due to malformed epithelial cells (increase in cell size) of the kinetotic specimens. Susceptibility to kinetoses may therefore originate in malformed sensory epithelia. 相似文献
195.
196.
Theodor Meyer's 1908 doctoral dissertation, with Ludwig Prandtl (1875–1953) as his advisor, introduced much of what has now become basic gas dynamics: not only the Prandtl–Meyer expansion but also the oblique-shock-wave theory as well. It is arguably the most influential dissertation in all of fluid dynamics. Yet no biography or even a photograph of Meyer has been available in the intervening century. This biography provides some insight into his character and covers his education, dissertation, World War I combat service and long career as an engineer and a teacher of math and physics. 相似文献
197.
Sampling observations of a complete 35d cycle of Her X-1 during 1 March to 5 April 1984 with the low and medium energy X-ray detectors of EXOSAT are presented. The intensities measured in the Argon detectors are compared with the UHURU 35d light curve to obtain the turn-on times of two consecutive cycles as JD 2445753.0 ± 1.0, and JD 2445788.0 ± 0.5. The low energy data is used to determine the rotation period and its derivative as: 1.23779200 s ± 50 ns, and (-2 ± 1) × 10-13 respectively, at the epoch JD 2445778.56. Analysis of the pulse arrival phases indicate that during mid-on phase of the 35d cycle there is shift of about 180°. Evidence for the long term correlated changes of P35 and P1.24s is presented, confirming the low quality of the 35d clock and suggesting that the basic clock mechanism must lie in the disk structure itself. 相似文献
198.
Medium energy neutral atom (MENA) imager for the IMAGE mission 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pollock C.J. Asamura K. Baldonado J. Balkey M.M. Barker P. Burch J.L. Korpela E.J. Cravens J. Dirks G. Fok M.-C. Funsten H.O. Grande M. Gruntman M. Hanley J. Jahn J.-M. Jenkins M. Lampton M. Marckwordt M. McComas D.J. Mukai T. Penegor G. Pope S. Ritzau S. Schattenburg M.L. Scime E. Skoug R. Spurgeon W. Stecklein T. Storms S. Urdiales C. Valek P. van Beek J.T.M. Weidner S.E. Wüest M. Young M.K. Zinsmeyer C. 《Space Science Reviews》2000,91(1-2):113-154
The Medium Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) imager was developed in response to the Imaging from the Magnetopause to the Aurora for Global Exploration (IMAGE) requirement to produce images of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the energy range from 1 to 30 keV. These images will be used to infer characteristics of magnetospheric ion distributions. The MENA imager is a slit camera that images incident ENAs in the polar angle (based on a conventional spherical coordinate system defined by the spacecraft spin axis) and utilizes the spacecraft spin to image in azimuth. The speed of incident ENAs is determined by measuring the time-of-flight (TOF) from the entrance aperture to the detector. A carbon foil in the entrance aperture yields secondary electrons, which are imaged using a position-sensitive Start detector segment. This provides both the one-dimensional (1D) position at which the ENA passed through the aperture and a Start time for the TOF system. Impact of the incident ENA on the 1D position-sensitive Stop detector segment provides both a Stop-timing signal and the location that the ENA impacts the detector. The ENA incident polar angle is derived from the measured Stop and Start positions. Species identification (H vs. O) is based on variation in secondary electron yield with mass for a fixed ENA speed. The MENA imager is designed to produce images with 8°×4° angular resolution over a field of view 140°×360°, over an energy range from 1 keV to 30 keV. Thus, the MENA imager is well suited to conduct measurements relevant to the Earth's ring current, plasma sheet, and (at times) magnetosheath and cusp. 相似文献
199.
Starting with an introduction into the field of hypervelocity impacts, an overview over current research in the area of protection against space debris is given. Trends and strategies to further develop know-how in protection technology are then discussed. One purpose is to demonstrate that improvements in shield efficiency can be expected. To achieve this aim, a strategy is outlined which tries to avoid the adjustment of numerical and material parameters by fits to penetration experiments. Instead, it is suggested to determine material parameters from carefully selected laboratory tests, covering a broad range of strains, strain rates and stress states. Knowledge of the dynamic material behaviour can then be used for the development of new shield concepts by means of numerical simulation. 相似文献
200.
H. U. Auster I. Apathy G. Berghofer A. Remizov R. Roll K. H. Fornacon K. H. Glassmeier G. Haerendel I. Hejja E. Kührt W. Magnes D. Moehlmann U. Motschmann I. Richter H. Rosenbauer C. T. Russell J. Rustenbach K. Sauer K. Schwingenschuh I. Szemerey R. Waesch 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):221-240
The scientific objectives, design and capabilities of the Rosetta Lander’s ROMAP instrument are presented. ROMAP’s main scientific
goals are longterm magnetic field and plasma measurements of the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in order to study
cometary activity as a function of heliocentric distance, and measurements during the Lander’s descent to investigate the
structure of the comet’s remanent magnetisation. The ROMAP fluxgate magnetometer, electrostatic analyser and Faraday cup measure
the magnetic field from 0 to 32 Hz, ions of up to 8000 keV and electrons of up to 4200 keV. Additional two types of pressure
sensors – Penning and Minipirani – cover a pressure range from 10−8 to 101 mbar. ROMAP’s sensors and electronics are highly integrated, as required by a combined field/plasma instrument with less
than 1 W power consumption and 1 kg mass. 相似文献