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231.
232.
There is a long history of particle measurements that have established that plasma is being transferred across Earth's magnetopause in both directions. The paper reviews the nature of the observational evidence as well as the implications regarding the transfer mechanisms and their efficiencies. 相似文献
233.
The success of the Swedish small satellite program, in combination with an active participation by Swedish research groups in major international missions, has placed Sweden in the frontline of experimental space research. The program started with the development of the research satellite Viking which was launched in 1986, for detailed investigations of the aurora. To date, Sweden has developed and launched a total of six research satellites; five for space plasma investigations; and the most recent satellite Odin, for research in astronomy and aeronomy. These fall into three main categories according to their physical dimension, financial cost and level of ambition: nano-satellites, micro-satellites, and mid-size satellites with ambitious scientific goals. In this brief review we focus on five space plasma missions, for which operations have ended and a comprehensive scientific data analysis has been conducted, which allows for a judgement of their role and impact on the progress in auroral research. Viking and Freja, the two most well-known missions of this program, were pioneers in the exploration of the aurora. The more recent satellites, Munin, Astrid, and Astrid-2 (category 1 and 2), proved to be powerful tools, both for testing new technologies and for carrying out advanced science missions. The Swedish small satellite program has been internationally recognized as cost efficient and scientifically very successful. 相似文献
234.
G.M. Mason R. Von Steiger R.B. Decker M.I. Desai J.R. Dwyer L.A. Fisk G. Gloeckler J.T. Gosling M. Hilchenbach R. Kallenbach E. Keppler B. Klecker H. Kunow G. Mann I.G. Richardson T.R. Sanderson G.M. Simnett Y.-M. Wang R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber M. Fränz J.E. Mazur 《Space Science Reviews》1999,89(1-2):327-367
This report emphasizes new observational aspects of CIR ions revealed by advanced instruments launched on the Ulysses, WIND,
SOHO, and ACE spacecraft, and by the unique vantage point of Ulysses which carried out the first survey of Corotating Interaction
Region (CIR) properties over a very wide range of heliolatitudes. With this more complete observational picture established,
this review is the basis to consider the status of theoretical models on origin, injection, and acceleration of CIR particles
reported by Scholer, Mann et al. (1999) in this volume.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
235.
Jean-Loup Bertaux Erkki Kyrölä Eric Quemerais Rosine Lallement Walter Schmidt Tuula Summanen Jorge Costa Teemu Mäkinen 《Space Science Reviews》1999,87(1-2):129-132
SWAN is the first space instrument dedicated to the monitoring of the latitude distribution of the solar wind by the Lyman
alpha method. The distribution of interstellar H atoms in the solar system is determined by their destruction during ionization
charge-exchange with solar wind protons. Maps of sky Ly-α emission have been recorded regularly since launch. The upwind maximum
emission region deviates strongly from the pattern that would be expected from a solar wind that is constant with latitude.
It is divided in two lobes by a depression aligned with the solar equatorial plane, called the Lyman-alpha groove, due to
enhanced ionization along the neutral sheet where the slow and dense solar wind is concentrated. The groove (or the anisotropy)
is more pronounced in 1997 than in 1996, but it then decreases between 1997 and 1998.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
236.
J. Kleczek H. Nussbaumer K. A. van der Hucht J. P. de Greve G. Ooms R. J. Rutten H. van der Laan F. W. Jäger G. C. M. Reijnen w. Bijleveld J. Kistemaker C. de Jager E. R. Mustel Y. Ne'eman E. R. Priest H. Stiller W. Seifert O. Namba M. Kuperus Roel Hoekstra F. L. H. M. Stumpers S. Frank J. T. F. Zimmerman C. de Loore R. Gendrin J. Schrijver P. S. Mulder K. A. Pounds R. S. Young L. Houziaux O. Engvold B. J. Bok W. de Graaff 《Space Science Reviews》1983,36(4):415-432
237.
Szegö Károly Glassmeier Karl-Heinz Bingham Robert Bogdanov Alexander Fischer Christian Haerendel Gerhard Brinca Armando Cravens Tom Dubinin Eduard Sauer Konrad Fisk Len Gombosi Tamas Schwadron Nathan Isenberg Phil Lee Martin Mazelle Christian Möbius Eberhard Motschmann Uwe Shapiro Vitali D. Tsurutani Bruce Zank Gary 《Space Science Reviews》2000,94(3-4):429-671
238.
Westall F. Höning D. Avice G. Gentry D. Gerya T. Gillmann C. Izenberg N. Way M. J. Wilson C. 《Space Science Reviews》2023,219(2):1-53
Space Science Reviews - Venus today is inhospitable at the surface, its average temperature of 750 K being incompatible to the existence of life as we know it. However, the potential for... 相似文献
239.
E. Dubinin M. Fränz J. Woch E. Roussos S. Barabash R. Lundin J. D. Winningham R. A. Frahm M. Acuña 《Space Science Reviews》2006,126(1-4):209-238
A total of about of 400 orbits during the first year of the ASPERA-3 operation onboard the Mars Express spacecraft were analyzed to obtain a statistical pattern of the main plasma domains in the Martian space environment. The environment is controlled by the direct interaction between the solar wind and the planetary exosphere/ionosphere which results in the formation of the magnetospheric cavity. Ionospheric plasma was traced by the characteristic “spectral lines” of photoelectrons that make it possible to detect an ionospheric component even far from the planet. Plasma of solar wind and planetary origin was distinguished by the ion mass spectrometry. Several different regions, namely, boundary layer/mantle, plasma sheet, region with ionospheric photoelectrons, ray-like structures near the wake boundary were identified. Upstream parameters like solar wind ram pressure and the direction of the interplanetary electric field were inferred as proxy from the Mars Global Surveyor magnetic field data at a reference point of the magnetic pile up region in the northern dayside hemisphere. It is shown that morphology and dynamics of the main plasma domains and their boundaries are governed by these factors as well as by local crustal magnetizations which add complexity and variability to the plasma and magnetic field environment. 相似文献
240.
Starting with an introduction into the field of hypervelocity impacts, an overview over current research in the area of protection against space debris is given. Trends and strategies to further develop know-how in protection technology are then discussed. One purpose is to demonstrate that improvements in shield efficiency can be expected. To achieve this aim, a strategy is outlined which tries to avoid the adjustment of numerical and material parameters by fits to penetration experiments. Instead, it is suggested to determine material parameters from carefully selected laboratory tests, covering a broad range of strains, strain rates and stress states. Knowledge of the dynamic material behaviour can then be used for the development of new shield concepts by means of numerical simulation. 相似文献