“黑障"与数据舱回收装置

文章论述了在远程火箭研制中数据舱回收装置的作用,介绍了数据舱工作原理和组成以及主要技术问题。     

大气密度对降落伞充气性能的影响

尽管火星表面大气非常稀薄,但降落伞仍是火星探测着陆系统中一种重要的减速装置。文章建立了一个降落伞的充气动力学模型,并根据此模型研究了大气密度对降落伞充气性能的影响。结果表明:降落伞的充气时间和充气距离是随大气密度的减小而增大,同时,随着大气密度的减小,降落伞开始张开的速度变得非常缓慢。     

Low-temperature ionizing radiation resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans and Antarctic Dry Valley bacteria

The high flux of cosmic rays onto the unshielded surface of Mars poses a significant hazard to the survival of martian microbial life. Here, we determined the survival responses of several bacterial strains to ionizing radiation exposure while frozen at a low temperature characteristic of the martian near-subsurface. Novel psychrotolerant bacterial strains were isolated from the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an environmental analogue of the martian surface, and identified by 16S rRNA gene phylogeny as representatives of Brevundimonas, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas genera. These isolates, in addition to the known radioresistant extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans, were exposed to gamma rays while frozen on dry ice (-79°C). We found D. radiodurans to exhibit far greater radiation resistance when irradiated at -79°C than was observed in similar studies performed at higher temperatures. This greater radiation resistance has important implications for the estimation of potential survival times of microorganisms near the martian surface. Furthermore, the most radiation resistant of these Dry Valley isolates, Brevundimonas sp. MV.7, was found to show 99% 16S rRNA gene similarity to contaminant bacteria discovered in clean rooms at both Kennedy and Johnson Space Centers and so is of prime concern to efforts in the planetary protection of Mars from our lander probes. Results from this experimental irradiation, combined with previous radiation modeling, indicate that Brevundimonas sp. MV.7 emplaced only 30?cm deep in martian dust could survive the cosmic radiation for up to 100,000 years before suffering 10? population reduction.     

中国返回式卫星发展与成就

文章概述了返回式卫星技术在世界各国发展的情况;介绍了中国返回式卫星发展历程及其取得的成就;总结了取得的科学技术成果及其在中国空间技术方面的贡献;最后面对中国航天事业的发展提出中国返回式卫星发展远景设想.     

Did evolution select a nonrandom "alphabet" of amino acids?

The last universal common ancestor of contemporary biology (LUCA) used a precise set of 20 amino acids as a standard alphabet with which to build genetically encoded protein polymers. Considerable evidence indicates that some of these amino acids were present through nonbiological syntheses prior to the origin of life, while the rest evolved as inventions of early metabolism. However, the same evidence indicates that many alternatives were also available, which highlights the question: what factors led biological evolution on our planet to define its standard alphabet? One possibility is that natural selection favored a set of amino acids that exhibits clear, nonrandom properties-a set of especially useful building blocks. However, previous analysis that tested whether the standard alphabet comprises amino acids with unusually high variance in size, charge, and hydrophobicity (properties that govern what protein structures and functions can be constructed) failed to clearly distinguish evolution's choice from a sample of randomly chosen alternatives. Here, we demonstrate unambiguous support for a refined hypothesis: that an optimal set of amino acids would spread evenly across a broad range of values for each fundamental property. Specifically, we show that the standard set of 20 amino acids represents the possible spectra of size, charge, and hydrophobicity more broadly and more evenly than can be explained by chance alone.     

Putative fossilized fungi from the lithified volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, Spain

We report the discovery of fossilized filamentous structures in samples of the lithified, volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, which were obtained during Leg 157 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). These filamentous structures are 2-15 μm in diameter and several hundred micrometers in length and are composed of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Ti, and C. Chitin was detected in the filamentous structures by staining with wheat germ agglutinin dye conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (WGA-FITC), which suggests that they are fossilized fungal hyphae. The further elucidation of typical filamentous fungal morphological features, such as septa, hyphal bridges, and anastomosis and their respective sizes, support this interpretation. Characteristic structures that we interpreted as fossilized spores were also observed in association with the putative hyphae. The fungal hyphae were found in pyroxene phenocrysts and in siderite pseudomorphs of a basalt breccia. The fungal colonization of the basalt clasts occurred after the brecciation but prior to the final emplacement and lithification of the sediment at ～16-14 Ma. The siderite appears to have been partially dissolved by the presence of fungal hyphae, and the fungi preferentially colonized Fe-rich carbonates over Fe-poor carbonates (aragonite). Our findings indicate that fungi may be an important geobiological agent in subseafloor environments and an important component of the deep subseafloor biosphere, and that hydrothermal environments associated with volcanism can support a diverse ecosystem, including eukaryotes.     

高Nb-TiAl合金粉的制备及其特性

采用等离子束熔炼工艺制备了名义成分为Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.02Y (at%) 的大尺寸铸锭,经机加工后,采用无坩埚感应加热连续Ar气雾化工艺制备出合金粉,并研究了其特性.结果表明,大尺寸高Nb-TiAl合金铸锭为全片层组织,主要存在三种微观偏析:β相、硼化物和氧化钇.高Nb-TiAl合金粉的粒度主要分布在100～200μm;氧含量随着合金粉的粒度变细而逐渐增大;氮含量不随合金粉粒度的变化而变化;另外,还存在极少量的碳.高Nb-TiAl合金粉的相组成与粒度密切相关,-200目粉只存在α2相,随着粒度变粗,γ相逐渐增多,α2相逐渐减少.高Nb-TiAl合金粉的表面和内部组织均呈枝状;内部组织存在四种成分偏析,随着粒度变细,偏析细化.     

飞行器回收技术在新型号研制中的应用

文章简迷了飞行器回收技术在新型号研制中的应用情况,介绍了战略和战术武器及助推器具体的应用事例,说明飞行器回收技术在型号研制过程中的作用及意义。     

热处理对大尺寸铸态高Nb-TiAl合金组织中S-偏析的影响

研究了热处理对铸态高Nb-TiAl合金组织中S-偏析的影响.试验结果表明,对合金试样在Tα温度以上(1350～1400℃)进行热处理可以消除S-偏析,短时间内保温组织中会再次出现大量的β相,长时间保温后β相完全溶解并转变为α相,其冷却到室温变为片层组织;在Tα温度以下α γ两相区(1250～1330℃)由于γ相的存在不能消除S-偏析.合金试样经过1350℃/24h 900℃/30min/AC和1400℃/12h 900℃/30min/AC处理后,S-偏析都得到了有效的消除,并分别获得平均晶粒尺寸为210μm和 120μm的片层组织.     

中国航天器回收着陆技术50年成就与展望

文章回顾了中国航天器回收着陆技术50年来的成就,展示了现有的技术水平和能力,简要地介绍了它的发展过程,最后根据中国航天事业发展形势,对其前景进行了展望.