Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

一种基于信息融合的卫星自主天文导航新方法

直接敏感地平和利用星光折射间接敏感地平是两种基于天体敏感器的自主天文导航方法,其定位精度主要取决于地平的敏感精度。通常利用红外地平仪直接敏感地平的方法简单、可靠,但精度较低,而近年出现的利用星光折射间接敏感地平的方法精度高,但必须能观测到符合一定条件的折射星,根据上述两种方法的特点,提出了一种基于信息融合的直接敏感地平和利用星光折射间接敏感地平相结合的自主天文导航的新方法,计算机仿真结果表明该方法可以进一步提高系统的精度和可靠性。     

航天飞行器防热部件烧蚀行为的数值模拟

对航天飞行器防热部件在氧－煤油发动机火焰喷吹下的烧蚀行为进行了有限元数值模拟。利用“杀死”单元的方法建立防热部件瞬态温度场的有限元模型，实现了烧蚀边界的退缩，从而完成了对烧蚀尺寸变化的定量描述。烧蚀开始于4．59s，到12s时线烧蚀量为1．47mm。计算结果与试验的实测结果一致。     

LISA — a study of the ESA cornerstone mission for observing gravitational waves

The primary objective of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission is to detect and observe gravitational waves from massive black holes and galactic binaries in the frequency range 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹ Hz. This low-frequency range is inaccessible to ground-based interferometers because of the unshieldable background of local gravitational noise and because ground-based interferometers are limited in length to a few km. LISA is an ESA cornerstone mission and recently had a system study (Ref. 1) carried out by a consortium led by Astrium, which confirmed the basic configuration for the payload with only minor changes, and provided detailed concepts for the spacecraft and mission design. The study confirmed the need for a drag-free technology demonstration mission to develop the inertial sensors for LISA, before embarking on the build of the flight sensors. With a technology demonstration flight in 2005, it would be possible to carry out LISA as a joint ESA-NASA mission with a launch by 2010 subject to the funding programmatics. The baseline for LISA is three disc-like spacecraft each of which consist of a science module which carries the laser interferometer payload (two in each science module) and a propulsion module containing an ion drive and the hydrazine thrusters of the AOCS. The propulsion module is used for the transfer from earth escape trajectory provided by the Delta II launch to the operational orbit. Once there the propulsion module is jettisoned to reduce disturbances on the payload. Detailed analysis of thermal and gravitational disturbances, a model of the drag-free control and of the interferometer operation confirm that the strain sensitivity of the interferometer will be achieved.     

按降低轨迹灵敏度综合最优设计飞行控制系统

本文提出了一个按降低轨迹灵敏度综合最优设计飞行控制系统的方法。它能使系统具有满意的动态品质,同时对系统参数的变化及非线性产生的影响具有较强的鲁棒性。该设计方法具有通用性和程序化,系统实现简单。     

基于UKF的航天器最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法

钊对航天器的惯性-星光姿态确定系统，选取基于矢量观测的最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法为定姿算法。但是由于系统模型是非线性的，针对系统模型的非线性，将UKF（Unscented Kalman Filter）与最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法结合，设计了一种针对MEMS陀螺和CMOS APS星敏感器的UKF姿念估计器。仿真结果表明：在敏感器精度较差的情况下，该UKF、姿态估计器能够满足大多数航天器对姿态确定精度的要求。此外，UKF和EKF（Extended Kalman Filter）的仿真对比结果表明：UKF滤波器的收敛速度高于EKF滤波器，状态估计的精度也优于EKF滤波器，且数值稳定性好。     

磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺动框架效应的FXLMS自适应精确补偿控制方法仿真研究

在磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺（CMG）中，框架运动对磁悬浮转子支承系统的扰动可以采用角速率前馈加以补偿，但前馈系数固定时的补偿精度受磁轴承系统模型误差影响而显著下降。为了提高补偿精度，本文针对MIMO磁悬浮转子系统，提出一种基于FXLMS（filtered-X least mean square）算法的自适应前馈方法，采用梯度估计和最速下降策略推导前馈权值更新算法，并根据算法收敛性和收敛速度设计收敛因子和权初值。仿真结果表明，该方法收敛速度快，抗噪声能力强，相同模型误差情况下使转子的动框架位移降低到固定特性前馈时的20％，大幅度提高了动框架前馈补偿精度，有利于进一步提高磁悬浮CMG的力矩输出精度。     

激波在狭缝中绕射过程研究

针对固体火箭发动机药柱存在裂纹的情况，对运动激波在狭缝中绕射传播的非定常流场进行了计算，得到了清晰的流场变化图谱，从流场图中可分辨出激波在狭缝中的传播过程。对不同深宽比的狭缝进行研究，发现流场结构存在明显差别，在深宽比较小时狭缝内压力波振荡较小，当深宽比超过一定值时狭缝内的压力波产生剧烈振荡。研究结果表明，该方法可很好地描述激波在狭缝中的传播过程。     

基于RBF网络的惯导系统初始对准

建立了惯导系统（ＩＮＳ）初始对准的线性和非线性误差模型。分析了径向基函数（ＲＢＦ）网络的结构和工作原理。研究了ＲＢＦ网代替初始对准中的卡尔曼滤波器的实现方法。通过仿真表明，用神经网络进行初始对准，既可获得与卡尔曼滤波相同的对准精度，又提高了系统的实时性。     

VentureStar… reaping the benefits of the X-33 program

Major X-33 flight hardware has been delivered, and assembly of the vehicle is well underway in anticipation of its flight test program commencing in the summer of 1999. Attention has now turned to the operational VentureStar^TM, the first single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) reusable launch vehicle. Activities are grouped under two broad categories: (1) vehicle development and (2) market/business planning, each of which is discussed. The mission concept is presented for direct payload delivery to the International Space Station and to low Earth orbit, as well as payload delivery with an upper stage to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and other high energy orbits. System requirements include flight segment and ground segment. Vehicle system sizing and design status is provided including the application of X-33 traceability and lessons learned. Technology applications to the VentureStar^TM are described including the structure, propellant tanks, thermal protection system, aerodynamics, subsystems, payload bay and propulsion. Developing a market driven low cost launch services system for the 21st Century requires traditional and non-traditional ways of being able to forecast the evolution of the potential market. The challenge is balancing both the technical and financial assumptions of the market. This involves the need to provide a capability to meet market segments that in some cases are very speculative, while at the same time providing the financial community with a credible revenue stream. Furthermore, the market derived requirements need to be assessed so as not to impose unnecessary requirements on the vehicle design that add unreasonable cost to the development of the system, yet provides the right capabilities for new markets that could be triggered by dramatically lower space transportation prices.