跟踪与数据中继卫星系统的性能

一、引言 自60年代初,NASA就组建和操作一个为近地轨道卫星服务的跟踪和数据获取网。TDRSS是一个新测控网,为目前和直到2000年的预期卫星任务服务。该网利用了已经验证的空间和地面系统有关技术构成一个全新的测控站,只是其前端设备置于地球同步轨道上。尽量采用了自动化技术,使系统设置到数据采集以及整个跟踪期间的通信几乎都不需要人操作。     

数字滤波器的一般原理和靶场现用滤波器的述评

本文阐述了靶场司令委员会成员靶场广泛采用的几种数字滤波器，介绍了这些滤波器的基本原理，以及用于某些数据处理的滤波器设计技术。     

Lick Observatory Optical SETI: targeted search and new directions

Lick Observatory's Optical SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence) program has been in regular operation for 4.5 years. We have observed 4,605 stars of spectral types F-M within 200 light-years of Earth. Occasionally, we have appended objects of special interest, such as stars with known planetary systems. We have observed 14 candidate signals ("triple coincidences"), all but one of which are explained by transient local difficulties. Additional observations of the remaining candidate have failed to confirm arriving pulse events. We now plan to proceed in a more economical manner by operating in an unattended drift scan mode. Between operational and equipment modifications, efficiency will more than double.     

Delayed gratification habitable zones: when deep outer solar system regions become balmy during post-main sequence stellar evolution

Like all low- and moderate-mass stars, the Sun will burn as a red giant during its later evolution, generating of solar luminosities for some tens of millions of years. During this post-main sequence phase, the habitable (i.e., liquid water) thermal zone of our Solar System will lie in the region where Triton, Pluto-Charon, and Kuiper Belt objects orbit. Compared with the 1 AU habitable zone where Earth resides, this "delayed gratification habitable zone" (DGHZ) will enjoy a far less biologically hazardous environment - with lower harmful radiation levels from the Sun, and a far less destructive collisional environment. Objects like Triton, Pluto-Charon, and Kuiper Belt objects, which are known to be rich in both water and organics, will then become possible sites for biochemical and perhaps even biological evolution. The Kuiper Belt, with >10(5) objects > or =50 km in radius and more than three times the combined surface area of the four terrestrial planets, provides numerous sites for possible evolution once the Sun's DGHZ reaches it. The Sun's DGHZ might be thought to only be of academic interest owing to its great separation from us in time. However, approximately 10(9) Milky Way stars burn as luminous red giants today. Thus, if icy-organic objects are common in the 20-50 AU zones of these stars, as they are in our Solar System (and as inferred in numerous main sequence stellar disk systems), then DGHZs may form a niche type of habitable zone that is likely to be numerically common in the Galaxy.     

现有技术在航天发射场的重用

制订了一项靶场标准化和自动化(RSA)计划,以彻底改造美国空军司令部的靶场:佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角空军站的东靶场和加利福尼亚州范登堡空军基地的西靶场。作为该现代化计划的一部分,现在正研究几项新技术,旨在提高性能,降低操作和维护费用。其中几项技术有望减少这些靶场发射运载火箭的费用,改变靶场外测的格局。 RSA计划准备分三个阶段进行。第一阶段于1993年由空间和导弹系统中心与哈里斯     

SCL语言：一个现成的航天器控制产品

在紧缩军事、民用和商业航天预算的时代，需要一种解决多星控制的现成方法。适用于多种航天器的标准操作接口允许地面和航天器操作采取同一种手段。许多航天工程的一个共同趋势是使航天器和地面站自主化，从而减少操作人员。接口和控制系统公司（ＩＣＳ）开发的“航天器控制语言”（ＳＣＬ）系统为航天器操作提供了一种现成的手段。ＳＣＬ系统提供了一种超描述接口，该接口对各航天工程都是标准的。它撇开航天器和地面站的硬件特性，     

一种高灵敏度全天候初始段安全监视系统——电子天空屏

本文首先分析我国航天发射场对初始段安全监视系统的迫切需求,接着介绍国外发射场所用天空屏的发展情况,电子天空屏的基本工作原理,电子天空屏的优缺点,最后给出电子天空屏实时数据处理的基本原理。     

The first cell membranes

Organic compounds are synthesized in the interstellar medium and can be delivered to planetary surfaces such as the early Earth, where they mix with endogenous species. Some of these compounds are amphiphilic, having polar and nonpolar groups on the same molecule. Amphiphilic compounds spontaneously self-assemble into more complex structures such as bimolecular layers, which in turn form closed membranous vesicles. The first forms of cellular life required self-assembled membranes that were likely to have been produced from amphiphilic compounds on the prebiotic Earth. Laboratory simulations show that such vesicles readily encapsulate functional macromolecules, including nucleic acids and polymerases. The goal of future investigations will be to fabricate artificial cells as models of the origin of life.     

Tolerance of LSS plant component to elevated temperatures

Stability of LSS based on biological regeneration of water, air and food subject to damaging factors is largely dependent on the behavior of the photosynthesizing component represented, mainly, by higher plants. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tolerance of uneven-aged wheat and radish cenoses to temperature effects different in time and value. Estimation of thermal tolerance of plants demonstrated that exposure for 20 h to the temperature increasing to 45°C brought about irreversible damage both in photosynthetic processes (up to 80% of initial value) and the processes of growth and development. Kinetics of visible photosynthesis during exposure to elevated temperatures can be used to evaluate critical exposure time within the range of which the damage of metabolic processes is reversible. With varying light intensity and air temperature it is possible to find a time period admissible for the plants to stay under adverse conditions without considerable damage of metabolic processes.     

美国TDRSS的发展及其新应用

本文将以1996年第二届TDRSS专题研讨会的内容为主,介绍美国TDRSS的现状,新研制星TDRS—H,I,J的主要技术指标改进,高精度定轨技术,TDRSS工作频段向Ka波段的过渡,几代用户转发器的发展情况,并较全面地介绍近几年来试验成功的若干TDRSS新应用,例如用于极区数据采集站高速数据中继,长期气球、无人飞行器和海上浮标的数据采集,运载火箭全程遥测数据的转发,遥感飞机高速图象数据和前向信息的传递以及正在研究的利用TDRSS对运载火箭发送靶场安全指令,为小卫星服务的按需接址业务等。