美国NASA天基测控网的按需接入系统

NASA天基网按需接入系统(DAS)可为航天操作提供一种新的开创性的服务；这种业务通过跟踪与数据中继卫星系统(TDRSS)构成连续和自动化的通信链路。2002年10月投入运行的DAS扩展了TDRSS多址返向(航天器至地面)容量。该系统利用地基商业成品(COTS)设备，例如第三代多址波束形成分系(TGBFS)和可编程遥测处理器(PTP)，并利用包括TCP／IP及基于web的接口在内的联网标准。     

利用导航星全球定位系统鉴定下一代远程导弹

导航星(NAVSTAR)全球定位系统是一项三军联合计划,目前正在作方案验证。该计划由空军掌管,并有海军、陆军、海军陆战队和国防测绘局参加。当该系统全面投入工作后,它将为各种用户提供高精度定位和测速能力。美乐华(Mag-navox)公司先进产品部根据数个有偿合同,参与了几种用户设备的研制工作,并参与了其它部门应用全球定位系统的研究工作。本文介绍了为航天和导弹试验中心(SAMTEC)范登堡空军基地(西靶场)进行研究的结果,该项研究是要确定导航星全球定位系统用作下一代弹道导弹的外测和制导鉴定系统的可能性和能力。本文研究了利用全球导航系统跟踪导弹的三种主要方法,基于对导弹飞行方案、环境因素、系统要求和约束条件以及布局分析等方面的研究,提出了一些有关导弹外测的建议。     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Microbial utilisation of natural organic wastes

The waste management strategy for the future should meet the benefits of humanity safety, respect principals of planet ecology, and compatibility with other habitability systems. For these purpose the waste management technologies, relevant to application of the biodegradation properties of bacteria are of great value. The biological treatment method is based upon the biodegradation of organic substances by various microorganisms. The advantage of the biodegradation waste management in general: it allows to diminish the volume of organic wastes, the biological hazard of the wastes is controlled, and this system may be compatible with the other systems. The objectives of our study were: to evaluate effectiveness of microbial biodegradation of non-pretreated substrate, to construct phneumoautomatic digester for organic wastes biodegradation, and to study microbial characteristics of active sludge samples used as inoculi in biodegradation experiment. The technology of vegetable wastes treatment was elaborated in IBMP and BMSTU. For this purpose the special unit was created where the degradation process is activated by enforced reinvention of portions of elaborated biogas into digester. This technology allows to save energy normally used for electromechanical agitation and to create optimal environment for anaerobic bacteria growth. The investigations were performed on waste simulator, which imitates physical and chemical content of food wastes calculated basing on the data on food wastes of moderate Russian city. The volume of created experimental sample of digester is 40 l. The basic system elements of device are digesters, gas receiver, remover of drops and valve monitoring and thermal control system. In our testing we used natural food wastes to measure basic parameters and time of biodegradation process. The diminution rate of organic gained 76% from initial mass taking part within 9 days of fermentation. The biogas production achieved 46 l per 1 kg of substrate. The microbial studies of biodegradation process revealed following peculiarities: (i) gradual quantitative increasing of Lactobacillus sp. (from 10(3) to 10(5) colony forming units (CFU) per ml), (ii) activation of Clostridia sp. (from 10(2) to 10(4)CFU/ml), (iii) elimination of aerobic conventional pathogens (Enterobacteriaceae sp., Protea sp., staphylococci). The obtained results allow to evaluate effectiveness of proposed technology and to determine the leading role of lactobacilli and clostridia in process of natural wastes biodegradation. Our further investigations shall further be concentrated on creation of artificial inoculi for launching of food wastes biodegradation. These inoculi will include active and adapted strains of clostridia and lactobacilli.     

用于低轨卫星精密轨道确定的简化动力学法

全球定位系统(GPS)的测量量可促成一种简化动力学法，用于近地卫星的近厘末级定轨。利用这种方法，不同观测时刻的卫星状态间的转移由正规的动力学模型和由连续GPS载波相位数据以运动学法导出的卫星位置变化来完成。动力学信息和运动学信息间的相对权重可自由变化。协方差分析表明：当观测几何差而动力学模型好时，模型支配着状态转移的计算；动力模型差而观测几何好时，载波相位统治着状态转移的计算；而当运动学和动力学信息间没有明显优劣时，简化动力学联合法可显著提高轨道精度。本文给出简化动力学法中准最佳的择权准则，并研究了求解精度对权的敏感性。