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891.
Until pristine samples can be returned from cometary nuclei, primitive meteorites represent our best source of information
about organic chemistry in the early solar system. However, this material has been affected by secondary processing on asteroidal
parent bodies which probably did not affect the material now present in cometary nuclei. Production of meteoritic organic
matter apparently involved the following sequence of events: Molecule formation by a variety of reaction pathways in dense
interstellar clouds; Condensation of those molecules onto refractory interstellar grains; Irradiation of organic-rich interstellar-grain
mantles producing a range of molecular fragments and free radicals; Inclusion of those interstellar grains into the protosolar
nebula with probable heating of at least some grain mantles during passage through the shock wave bounding the solar accretion
disc; Agglomeration of residual interstellar grains and locally produced nebular condensates into asteroid-sized planetesimals;
Heating of planetesimals by decay of extinct radionuclides; Melting of ice to produce liquid water within asteroidal bodies;
Reaction of interstellar molecules, fragments and radicals with each other and with the aqueous environment, possibly catalysed
by mineral grains; Loss of water and other volatiles to space yielding a partially hydrated lithology containing a complex
suite of organic molecules; Heating of some of this organic matter to generate a kerogen-like complex; Mixing of heated and
unheated material to yield the meteoritic material now observed. Properties of meteoritic organic matter believed to be consistent
with this scenario include: Systematic decrease of abundance with increasing C number in homologous series of characterisable
molecules; Complete structural diversity within homologous series; Predominance of branched-chain isomers; Considerable isotopic
variability among characterisable molecules and within kerogen-like material; Substantial deuterium enrichment in all organic
fractions; Some fractions significantly enriched in nitrogen-15; Modest excesses of L-enantiomers in some racemisation-resistant
molecules but no general enantiomeric preference. Despite much speculation about the possible role of Fischer-Tropsch catalytic
hydrogenation of CO in production of organic molecules in the solar nebula, no convincing evidence for such material has been
found in meteorites. A similarity between some meteoritic organics and those produced by Miller-Urey discharge synthesis may
reflect involvement of common intermediates rather than the operation of electric discharges in the early solar system. Meteoritic
organic matter constitutes a useful, but not exact, guide to what we shall find with in situ analytical and sample-return
missions to cometary nuclei.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
892.
893.
Streamer evaporation is the consequence of heating in ideal MHD models because plasma is weakly contained by the magnetic
field. Heating causes inflation, opening of field lines, and release of solar wind. It was discovered in simulations and,
due to the absence of loss mechanisms, the ultimate end point is the complete evaporation of the streamer. Of course streamers
do not behave in this way because of losses by thermal conduction and radiation. Heating is also expected to depend on ambient
conditions. We use a global MHD model with thermal conduction to examine the effect of changing the heating scale height.
We also extend an analytic model of streamers developed by Pneuman (1968) to show that steady streamers are unable to contain
plasma for temperatures near the cusp greater than ∼ 2 × 106 K.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
894.
2001 Mars Odyssey Mission Summary 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Saunders R.S. Arvidson R.E. Badhwar G.D. Boynton W.V. Christensen P.R. Cucinotta F.A. Feldman W.C. Gibbs R.G. Kloss C. Landano M.R. Mase R.A. McSmith G.W. Meyer M.A. Mitrofanov I.G. Pace G.D. Plaut J.J. Sidney W.P. Spencer D.A. Thompson T.W. Zeitlin C.J. 《Space Science Reviews》2004,110(1-2):1-36
The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, now in orbit at Mars, will observe the Martian surface at infrared and visible wavelengths to determine surface mineralogy and morphology, acquire global gamma ray and neutron observations for a full Martian year, and study the Mars radiation environment from orbit. The science objectives of this mission are to: (1) globally map the elemental composition of the surface, (2) determine the abundance of hydrogen in the shallow subsurface, (3) acquire high spatial and spectral resolution images of the surface mineralogy, (4) provide information on the morphology of the surface, and (5) characterize the Martian near-space radiation environment as related to radiation-induced risk to human explorers. To accomplish these objectives, the 2001 Mars Odyssey science payload includes a Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS), a multi-spectral Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and a radiation detector, the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE). THEMIS and MARIE are mounted on the spacecraft with THEMIS pointed at nadir. GRS is a suite of three instruments: a Gamma Subsystem (GSS), a Neutron Spectrometer (NS) and a High-Energy Neutron Detector (HEND). The HEND and NS instruments are mounted on the spacecraft body while the GSS is on a 6-m boom. Some science data were collected during the cruise and aerobraking phases of the mission before the prime mission started. THEMIS acquired infrared and visible images of the Earth-Moon system and of the southern hemisphere of Mars. MARIE monitored the radiation environment during cruise. The GRS collected calibration data during cruise and aerobraking. Early GRS observations in Mars orbit indicated a hydrogen-rich layer in the upper meter of the subsurface in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, atmospheric densities, scale heights, temperatures, and pressures were observed by spacecraft accelerometers during aerobraking as the spacecraft skimmed the upper portions of the Martian atmosphere. This provided the first in-situ evidence of winter polar warming in the Mars upper atmosphere. The prime mission for 2001 Mars Odyssey began in February 2002 and will continue until August 2004. During this prime mission, the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft will also provide radio relays for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European landers in early 2004. Science data from 2001 Mars Odyssey instruments will be provided to the science community via NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS). The first PDS release of Odyssey data was in October 2002; subsequent releases occur every 3 months. 相似文献
895.
T. Van Doorsselaere I. Arregui J. Andries M. Goossens S. Poedts 《Space Science Reviews》2005,121(1-4):79-89
We will discuss the observed, heavily damped transversal oscillations of coronal loops. These oscillations are often modeled
as transversal kink oscillations in a cylinder. Several features are added to the classical cylindrical model. In our models
we include loop curvature, longitudinal density stratification, and highly inhomogeneous radial density profiles.
In this paper, we will first give an overview of recently obtained results, both analytically and numerically. After that,
we shed a light on the computational aspects of the modeling process. In particular, we will focus on the parallellization
of the numerical codes. 相似文献
896.
虽然透博梅卡公司现在每年销售发动机超过650台,但它们却认为已经到了研制替换轴功率为450~670千瓦级发动机的时候了. 相似文献
897.
D. Ruciński A. C. Cummings G. Gloeckler A. J. Lazarus E. Möbius M. Witte 《Space Science Reviews》1996,78(1-2):73-84
The rates of the most important ionization processes acting in interplanetary space on interstellar H, He, C, O, Ne and Ar atoms are critically reviewed in the paper. Their long-term modulations in the period 1974 – 1994 are reexamined using updated information on relevant cross-sections as well as direct or indirect data on variations of the solar wind/solar EUV fluxes based on IMP 8 measurements and monitoring of the solar 10.7 cm radio emission. It is shown that solar cycle related variations are pronounced (factor of 3 between maximum and minimum) especially for species such as He, Ne, C for which photoionization is the dominant loss process. Species sensitive primarily to the charge-exchange (as H) show only moderate fluctuations 20% around average. It is also demonstrated that new techniques that make use of simultaneous observations of neutral He atoms on direct and indirect orbits, or simultaneous measurements of He+ and He++ pickup ions and solar wind particles can be useful tools for narrowing the uncertainties of the He photoionization rate caused by insufficient knowledge of the solar EUV flux and its variations. 相似文献
898.
899.
As part of the Cluster Wave Experiment Consortium (WEC), the Wide-Band (WBD) Plasma Wave investigation is designed to provide high-resolution measurements of both electric and magnetic fields in selected frequency bands from 25 Hz to 577 kHz. Continuous waveforms are digitised and transmitted in either a 220 kbit s-1 real-time mode or a 73 kbit s-1 recorded mode. The real-time data are received directly by a NASA Deep-Space Network (DSN) receiving station, and the recorded data are stored in the spacecraft solid-state recorder for later playback. In both cases the waveforms are Fourier transformed on the ground to provide high-resolution frequency-time spectrograms. The WBD measurements complement those of the other WEC instruments and also provide a unique new capability for performing very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements. 相似文献
900.
Effects of polarization and resolution on SAR ATR 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Novak L.M. Halversen S.D. Owirka G. Hiett M. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1997,33(1):102-116
Lincoln Laboratory is investigating the detection and classification of stationary ground targets using high resolution, fully polarimetric, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. A study is summarized in which data collected by the Lincoln Laboratory 33 GHz SAR were used to perform a comprehensive comparison of automatic target recognition (ATR) performance for several polarization/resolution combinations. The Lincoln Laboratory baseline ATR algorithm suite was used, and was optimized for each polarization/resolution case. Both the HH polarization alone and the optimal combination of HH, HV, and VV were evaluated; the resolutions evaluated were 1 ft/spl times/1 ft and 1 m/spl times/1 m. The data set used for this study contained approximately 74 km/sup 2/ of clutter (56 km/sup 2/ of mixed clutter plus 18 km/sup 2/ of highly cultural clutter) and 136 tactical target images (divided equally between tanks and howitzers). 相似文献