1968年国际实用温标的展望

自68国际实用温标正式通过以来,巳将近二十年了。这段时间内一直围绕继68国际实用温标之后的温标可能形式展开讨论。的确,在相当一段时间里认为1987年可能为通过新温标的日期。在70年代末期,有关计温学方面大量新工作已经取得成果。从0.5K 至金点1337K 整个范围内,热力学温度的测量已基本上完成或取得很大的进展。我们发现,热力学温度与国际实用温标明显不同,其差值比原来所估计的要大得多,特别是在0℃至460℃范围内。在0℃以下,铂电阻温度计内插方程的新工作表明,可建设一个新方程,比68温标中所使用的更精确更简单,此外还大大     

现代表面分析——俄歇电子谱(AES)和X-射线光电子谱(XPS)在冶金学中的应用

Ⅰ 前言 关于腐蚀的一个简单而直接的定义可以是:通过与周围环境作用,材料发生变质。这种变质可以表现为失去承载能力,电性能变差,尺寸改变,触媒作用变差以及表面装饰性能变坏等。我们周围有很多腐蚀的例子,本讲中我     

Water related environment modelling on Mars

During a human Mars exploration because of the lack of time astronauts need fast methods for the interpretation of unexpected observations which give them flexibility and new, important targets. With in-situ modelling it is possible to get information on various past and present processes at the same location on a far wider spectrum than would be realized even during a long mission. This work summarizes the potential technical requirements and benefits of the modelling. Based on a simple estimation with a 300 kg package, and 1-10% of the working time of 1-2 astronauts at the same location, they can get plenty of new and important information for the whole past and present Mars. With the proposed five test groups astronauts will be able to make better and newer kinds of interpretations of observations, and find better targets and methods during the same mission.     

Evaluation of various cleaning methods to remove bacillus spores from spacecraft hardware materials

A detailed study was made of the biological cleaning effectiveness, defined in terms of the ability to remove bacterial spores, of a number of methods used to clean hardware surfaces. Aluminum (Al 6061) and titanium (Ti 6Al-4V) were chosen for the study as they were deemed the two materials most likely to be used in spacecraft extraterrestrial sampler construction. Metal coupons (1 cm x 2.5 cm) were precleaned and inoculated with 5.8 x 10(3) cultivable Bacillus subtilis spores, which are commonly found on spacecraft surfaces and in the assembly environments. The inoculated coupons were subsequently cleaned using: (1) 70% isopropyl alcohol wipe; (2) water wipe; (3) multiple-solvent flight-hardware cleaning procedures used at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); (4) Johnson Space Center-developed ultrapure water rinse; and (5) a commercial, semi-aqueous, multiple-solvent (SAMS) cleaning process. The biological cleaning effectiveness was measured by agar plate assay, sterility test (growing in liquid media), and epifluorescent microscopy. None of the cleaning protocols tested completely removed viable spores from the surface of the aluminum. In contrast, titanium was capable of being cleaned to sterility by two methods, the JPL standard and the commercial SAMS cleaning process. Further investigation showed that the passivation step employed in the JPL standard method is an effective surface sterilant on both metals but not compatible with aluminum. It is recommended that titanium (Ti 6Al-4V) be considered superior to aluminum (Al 6061) for use in spacecraft sampling hardware, both for its potential to be cleaned to sterilization and for its ability to withstand the most effective cleaning protocols.     

SC切石英晶体谐振器在甚高频低噪声振荡器中的应用

晶体控制的甚高频振荡器广泛应用于具有优良短期频率稳定度和低相位噪声的信号发生器中。这种振荡器均采用工作在泛音模的 AT 切晶体。由于 AT 切晶体谐振器的幅频效应,使相位噪声难以进一步减小。双旋转切晶体(例如 SC 切晶体)的幅频效应较 AT 切的小得多。因此,可使 SC 切晶体工作在较 AT 切晶体所允许的更大的激励电流上。如果能使振荡器固有的相位起伏不随晶体电流的增大而显著增大,则采用 SC 切晶体元件可以改善晶体控制甚高频信号发生器的短期频率稳定度和噪声。曾用三次泛音 SC 切晶体(而不是用五次泛音 AT 切晶体)进行过100MHz 低噪声振荡器的实际可行性试验。对 SC 切和 AT 切晶体元件的相频特性进行了测量。测量结果表明,晶体元件的功耗能够比使用 AT 切晶体增加6-10dB。对用双极结型晶体管振荡器的噪声源的检查表明,二次及三次失真是造成实际振荡器呈现显著相位闪变的原因。从解凡得堡(微分)方程中出现的频率校正项可了解到减小频率闪变的要求。桥式 T 形振荡器适合于作 SC 切甚高频晶体振荡维持电路。曾研究过这种电路的噪声源(包括调幅闪变噪声的幅相变换),并得到了对上述振荡器所预期的 L(f)的估算值。对相同的一对振荡器进行了测量,预计的 L(f)和所测得的 L(f)很一致。结果表明,和 AT 切甚高频晶体控制振荡器相比较,SC 切晶体控制的甚高频振荡器的L(f)得到了显著改善。     

远站跟踪转换方程的推导

托诺帕试验靶场需要一种可以用小型计算机在很短时间完成跟踪数据精确视差修正的方法。本文推导了一种球面变换方程,用于地球表面上的一定范围内时,可以给出非常精确的结果。在16位小型计算机上,计算速度很快,因为它不需要浮点计算,并且几乎不需要双倍字长处理。结果表明,计算的目标位置与用地心变换公式计算的位置相比较,精确度在一荚尺以内。     

铯束管电子倍增器的工作特性

本文介绍一种用可拆卸的测试系统来测定和铯束管中使用的电子倍增器的工作特性。测试时输入电子信号,由测出的这些数据计算电子倍增器的增益和倍增器电极的二次电子发射系数。对环境因素(敞露在空气中和真空烘烤)的影响也进行了测定。     

论人造地球卫星运行的规律性

由于在我们周围的自然界出现了苏联所发射的人造天体,自然很多人都会产生这样的问题:这些天体是怎样发射的?它们为什么能飞? 这里不打算极其确切地说明考虑到地球的非球状体及地球大气阻力的情况下,一切作用于卫星的力,仅试图对于有关卫星利用多级火箭来加速并绕地球运行所遵循的规律     

Gravity perception and signal transduction in single cells

Cellular signal processing in multi-, as well as in unicellular organisms, has to rely on fundamentally similar mechanisms. Free-living single cells often use the gravity vector for their spatial orientation (gravitaxis) and show distinct gravisensitivities. In this investigation the gravisensitive giant ameboid cell Physarum polycephalum (Myxomycetes, acellular slime molds) is used. Its gravitaxis and the modulation of its intrinsic rhythmic contraction activity by gravity was demonstrated in 180 °turn experiments and in simulated, as well as in actual, near-weightlessness studies (fast-rotating clinostat; Spacelab D1, IML-1). The stimulus perception was addressed in an IML-2 experiment, which provided information on the gravireceptor itself by the determination of the cell's acceleration-sensitivity threshold. Ground-based experiments designed to elucidate the subsequent steps in signal transduction leading to a motor response, suggest that an acceleration stimulus induces changes in the level of second messenger, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), indicating also that the acceleration-stimulus signal transduction chain of Physarum uses an ubiquitous second messenger pathway.     

Cardiac and vascular adaptation to 0g with and without thigh cuffs (Antares 14 and Altair 21 day Mir spaceflights)

Cardiovascular Actaptation was evaluated on 2 astronauts: one wearing thigh cuffs from flight day 1 to 8 (14d flight), the second without cuffs (21d flight). Ultrasound investigations were performed at rest and during LBNP. Results: Without thigh cuffs the cardiovascular Actaptation consists in (1) the development of a hypovolemia with an increase of the heart rate and the cardiac output, (2) the decrease of the vascular tone in the deep (mesenteric and splanchnic) and peripheral (Lower limbs) vascular areas. The use of thigh cuffs maintains the volemia and the cardiac output at the preflight level (without heart rate increase) and prevents the loss of vascular tone in the deep and peripheral areas. Moreover the adaptative process changes since the cuffs are removed and even the volemia seems to be unaffected at this stage the vascular tone decreases to a comparable extend as during the flight without cuffs. Nevertheless during the flight without cuffs or 3 days after removing the cuffs hemodynamic signs of decreased orthostatic tolerance are present during the inflight and the 3 days post flight LBNP. Presently the possible contribution of the thigh cuffs to the reduction of the vascular deconditioning has not been tested yet.