The detectability of molecular hydrogen in interstellar space

This review consists essentially of three parts where we consider: (1) the structure and spectrum of the hydrogen molecule; (2) the processes that in interstellar space can lead to the forma-tion and to the dissociation of the hydrogen molecule, with the aim of establishing its abundance, both on the average and in particular regions of the Galaxy; (3) the lines originating from interstellar molecular hydrogen that could be observed from the Earth. In this last Section the possible obser-vations are classified from the point of view of the height in the atmosphere from which they have to be made.     

兰桂坊的“红磨坊”

到过法国的旅游者,一般都知道巴黎有两个著名的歌舞表演厅,—个是位于市中心香榭丽舍大道的丽都,一个是位于城北蒙马特高地脚下白色广场附近的红磨坊。屋顶上装着长长的、闪烁着红光的大叶轮的红磨坊则是较为地道的法国式歌舞厅。MCG公司以法国红磨坊红磨坊为设计理念,把次情景带进了香港兰桂坊酒店Bisous酒吧。然而Bisous的设计并非照搬红色的浪漫风情,而是将未来趋势的一种极简概念设计结合了新的元素,将红磨坊的主题得以抽象化和现代化。以现今最时新的手法,完整地呈现了红磨坊的内心世界,概念可能不算创新,但精彩程度符合了当下时尚的思想!     

Coarse attitude determination from Earth albedo measurements

Attitude estimation algorithms for the Thrusted Vector Mission which determine attitude based on Sun sensor and very coarse albedo sensor measurements are presented. On the basis of these measurements, it has been demonstrated by comparison with more accurate gyro-based attitude that it is possible to estimate three-axis attitude with an average error per axis of 11 deg. Most of this error is about the Sun direction. Both deterministic quick-look and optimal estimates are examined     

Comment on “Inversion of all principal submatrices of amatrix”

The paper by Koc and Chen (1994) includes new formulas for computational complexity, but the method itself is already known and has dubious numerical stability. A poorly conditioned example is shown     

Bearing Ambiguity and Resolution in Interference Direction Finders

Radio direction finders based on the principles of interference measurement provide increased angular resolution as the number of bearing ambiguities increase. In spite of the diversity of interference direction finder design, the resolution of bearing ambiguities reduces to a simple relative phase measurement on crossed baselines less than ?/2 long. This principle is applied in a review of current interference direction finder (DF) designs from the Adcock to the multiwavelength interferometer including both analog and digital bearing computation and display. Analysis shows that simple digital logic circuits may be used to resolve bearing ambiguities in multichannel DF rather than the "sense" displays of conventional analog design. This technique has the advantage of keeping direction finding and sense finding functions simultaneous but separate so that the DF information is not degraded by the injection of the ambiguity resolving sense signal.     

Toward Accurate On-Ground Attitude Determination for the Gaia Spacecraft

The work presented in this paper concerns the accurate On-Ground Attitude (OGA) reconstruction for the astrometry spacecraft Gaia in the presence of disturbance and of control torques acting on the spacecraft. The reconstruction of the expected environmental torques which influence the spacecraft dynamics will be also investigated. The telemetry data from the spacecraft will include the on-board real-time attitude, which is of order of several arcsec. This raw attitude is the starting point for the further attitude reconstruction. The OGA will use the inputs from the field coordinates of known stars (attitude stars) and also the field coordinate differences of objects on the Sky Mapper (SM) and Astrometric Field (AF) payload instruments to improve this raw attitude. The on-board attitude determination uses a Kalman Filter (KF) to minimize the attitude errors and produce a more accurate attitude estimation than the pure star tracker measurement. Therefore the first approach for the OGA will be an adapted version of KF. Furthermore, we will design a batch least squares algorithm to investigate how to obtain a more accurate OGA estimation. Finally, a comparison between these different attitude determination techniques in terms of accuracy, robustness, speed and memory required will be evaluated in order to choose the best attitude algorithm for the OGA. The expected resulting accuracy for the OGA determination will be on the order of milli-arcsec.     

Fast converging adaptive processor or a structured covariance matrix

The use of adaptive linear techniques to solve signal processing problems is needed particularly when the interference environment external to the signal processor (such as for a radar or communication system) is not known a priori. Due to this lack of knowledge of an external environment, adaptive techniques require a certain amount of data to cancel the external interference. The number of statistically independent samples per input sensor required so that the performance of the adaptive processor is close (nominally within 3 dB) to the optimum is called the convergence measure of effectiveness (MOE) of the processor. The minimization of the convergence MOE is important since in many environments the external interference changes rapidly with time. Although there are heuristic techniques in the literature that provide fast convergence for particular problems, there is currently not a general solution for arbitrary interference that is derived via classical theory. A maximum likelihood (ML) solution (under the assumption that the input interference is Gaussian) is derived here for a structured covariance matrix that has the form of the identity matrix plus an unknown positive semi-definite Hermitian (PSDH) matrix. This covariance matrix form is often valid in realistic interference scenarios for radar and communication systems. Using this ML estimate, simulation results are given that show that the convergence is much faster than the often-used sample matrix inversion method. In addition, the ML solution for a structured covariance matrix that has the aforementioned form where the scale factor on the identity matrix is arbitrarily lower-bounded, is derived. Finally, an efficient implementation is presented.