舰队弹道导弹计划（1）“北极星”诞生

我们必须保证我们国家的生存．但我们不能仅仅满足于求得生存。我们是一个全球国家，我们的幸福取决于我们的行动自由，我们现在并不能做到自给自足，我们当中的任何一个人都不可能做到一辈子自给自足，即使我们作为一个国家能够使我们自己的生命和利益得以维持，我们的国家又会是个什么样的呢？软弱无力．束手无策，顶多是个中等国家。所以，我们必须关心我们的全球利益。我们全球利益受到的主要军事威胁来自苏联．苏联是另一个唯一真正的全球军事大国。所以我们必须针对苏联，针对苏联的全球利益和行动对我们构成的威胁，衡量我们保持行动自由的能力。 这不是穷兵黩武．不是战争叫嚣，也不是某种随意恐吓的战术。这就是我所理解的为使我们的军事实力达到标准而应采取的最明智和最负责任的立场。[编者按]     

设计一种性能评价系统的全面质量管理方法(英文)

本文在评价全面质量管理（Ｔｏｔａｌｑｕａｌｉｔｙｍａｎａｇｅ－ｍｅｎｔ,ＴＱＭ）的基础上,提出一种改进的性能评价系统（Ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅａｐｐｒａｉｓａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ＰＡＳ）。文中强调理解顾客（包括管理人员及雇员）对于ＰＡＳ的要求,从而突出简化该评价系统的基本要素及实施过程。经过改进的评价系统包括工作策划、审议及对个人、集体及管理人员所作的贡献进行评估。此外,将评估标准分为三类,这已成为方便大多数雇员有效的评价方法,同时给那些需要改进的个人以积极改进的余地。如果在全面质量管理中首先强调人的因素,那么人事体制也必须体现这一原则。     

Toward optimizing lighting as a countermeasure to sleep and circadian disruption in space flight

Light is being used as a pre-launch countermeasure to circadian and sleep disruption in astronauts. The effect of light on the circadian system is readily monitored by measurement of plasma melatonin. Our group has established an action spectrum for human melatonin regulation and determined the region of 446-477 nm to be the most potent for suppressing plasma melatonin. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 460 and 555 nm for suppressing melatonin using a within-subjects design. Subjects (N=12) were exposed to equal photon densities (7.18 x 10(12) photons/cm2/s) at 460 and 555 nm. Melatonin suppression was significantly stronger at 460 nm (p<0.02). An extension to the action spectrum showed that 420 nm light at 16 and 32 microW/cm2 significantly suppressed melatonin (p<0.04 and p<0.002). These studies will help optimize lighting countermeasures to circadian and sleep disruption during spaceflight.     

“阿里安”5伏尔甘HM60发动机

人们对“阿里安”5的推进系统提出了一个棘手的最佳化问题.现选择了一种混合系统,它包括:——一台由伏尔甘HM60发动机作为氢氧推进的芯级;——两侧各有一台固体推进器.由于该方法比单一推进具有更大的可靠性,因此在所有芯级研制方案中,这种方法已被人们所接受.     

军用电路芯片技术

自从1958年两名美国科学家首先研制成单片电路以来,平均每两年半就要推出新的DRAM(动态随机存取存储器),每一代新芯片的容量是前一代的4倍.同时价格亦随着经验的丰富和产量的增加而不断降低.单片电路迅速发展的动力是军事需要和航天活动,其结果导致了许多新型武器及系统,如精密制导导弹;有效的电子战设备;侦察卫星;机载电子设备;计算机化通信设备;电光器件;制导炮弹等.但在许多应用中,暴露了这种硅片电路的局限性,如硅片对温度很敏感,需要散热;对离子辐射也很敏感,为此需要有电磁脉冲屏蔽.但最主要的     

Carotenoid analysis of halophilic archaea by resonance Raman spectroscopy

Recently, halite and sulfate evaporate rocks have been discovered on Mars by the NASA rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. It is reasonable to propose that halophilic microorganisms could have potentially flourished in these settings. If so, biomolecules found in microorganisms adapted to high salinity and basic pH environments on Earth may be reliable biomarkers for detecting life on Mars. Therefore, we investigated the potential of Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy to detect biomarkers derived from microorganisms adapted to hypersaline environments. RR spectra were acquired using 488.0 and 514.5 nm excitation from a variety of halophilic archaea, including Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, Halococcus morrhuae, and Natrinema pallidum. It was clearly demonstrated that RR spectra enhance the chromophore carotenoid molecules in the cell membrane with respect to the various protein and lipid cellular components. RR spectra acquired from all halophilic archaea investigated contained major features at approximately 1000, 1152, and 1505 cm(-1). The bands at 1505 cm(-1) and 1152 cm(-1) are due to in-phase C=C (nu(1) ) and C-C stretching ( nu(2) ) vibrations of the polyene chain in carotenoids. Additionally, in-plane rocking modes of CH(3) groups attached to the polyene chain coupled with C-C bonds occur in the 1000 cm(-1) region. We also investigated the RR spectral differences between bacterioruberin and bacteriorhodopsin as another potential biomarker for hypersaline environments. By comparison, the RR spectrum acquired from bacteriorhodopsin is much more complex and contains modes that can be divided into four groups: the C=C stretches (1600-1500 cm(-1)), the CCH in-plane rocks (1400-1250 cm(-1)), the C-C stretches (1250-1100 cm(-1)), and the hydrogen out-of-plane wags (1000-700 cm(-1)). RR spectroscopy was shown to be a useful tool for the analysis and remote in situ detection of carotenoids from halophilic archaea without the need for large sample sizes and complicated extractions, which are required by analytical techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.     

A NEW APPROACH FOR ISAR TRANSLATIONAL MOTION COMPENSATION

ＡＮＥＷＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＦＯＲＩＳＡＲＴＲＡＮＳＬＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＭＯＴＩＯＮＣＯＭＰＥＮＳＡＴＩＯＮＹｉｎＪｕｎ；ＺｈｕＺｈａｏｄａ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＮＵＡＡ２９ＹｕｄａｏＳｔｒｅｅｔ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎ...