Establishment of a rearing system of the extremotolerant tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus: a new model animal for astrobiology

Studies on the ability of multicellular organisms to tolerate specific environmental extremes are relatively rare compared to those of unicellular microorganisms in extreme environments. Tardigrades are extremotolerant animals that can enter an ametabolic dry state called anhydrobiosis and have high tolerance to a variety of extreme environmental conditions, particularly while in anhydrobiosis. Although tardigrades have been expected to be a potential model animal for astrobiological studies due to their excellent anhydrobiotic and extremotolerant abilities, few studies of tolerance with cultured tardigrades have been reported, possibly due to the absence of a model species that can be easily maintained under rearing conditions. We report the successful rearing of the herbivorous tardigrade, Ramazzottius varieornatus, by supplying the green alga Chlorella vulgaris as food. The life span was 35 +/- 16.4 d, deposited eggs required 5.7 +/- 1.1 d to hatch, and animals began to deposit eggs 9 d after hatching. The reared individuals of this species had an anhydrobiotic capacity throughout their life cycle in egg, juvenile, and adult stages. Furthermore, the reared adults in an anhydrobiotic state were tolerant of temperatures of 90 degrees C and -196 degrees C, and exposure to 99.8% acetonitrile or irradiation with 4000 Gy (4)He ions. Based on their life history traits and tolerance to extreme stresses, R. varieornatus may be a suitable model for astrobiological studies of multicellular organisms.     

Using electrical impedance spectroscopy to detect water in planetary regoliths

We present data in examination of the utility of electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements for in situ surveys to determine the water content, distribution, and phase in unconsolidated planetary regolith. We conducted calibration experiments under conditions relevant to Mars: the concentration of electrolytes in solution was varied up to 1 M to simulate the effects of unsaturated dissolved minerals and brines. We also varied the water content of heterogeneous water/sand mixtures, made with these electrolytic solutions from 0.01 wt% to 10 wt%. Tests were performed at temperatures from +25 degrees C to -65 degrees C. Conductivity and dielectric permittivity calculated from the impedance measurements indicate an expected dependence on electrolyte concentration and relative independence from electrolyte type for both liquid water and water ice. Conductivity and calculated dielectric relaxation times for these aqueous solutions agree with existing data in the literature. The relative permittivity for heterogeneous water/sand mixtures is dominated by polarization effects for the electrode configuration used. However, the characteristic orientational relaxation of ice is still visible. The conductivity retains the strong dependence on electrolyte concentration, and the permittivity is still not affected by electrolyte type. A "universal" curve between conductivity and water content establishes detectability limits of <0.01 wt% and approximately 0.3 wt% for water/sand mixtures containing liquid water and ice, respectively.     

主动来流条件类平板断面气动力荷载效应分析

利用日本宫崎大学11×9多风扇主动控制来流风洞和高精度动态天平测力设备,测量了类平板断面在正弦风波来流条件三分量气动力荷载,比较了不同来流平均风速、波动幅值、脉动频率和积分尺度等参数条件下类平板断面荷载效应.报导并证实了大气边界层物理风洞固定壁面边界反射效应所产生的倍频放大效应;在获得并验证正弦风波加载离散频率荷载效应可线性迭加的有效频段区间内,初步比较了来流积分尺度和风速湍流度效应对于气动荷载效应的影响,阐明典型节段模型风洞试验结果与传统随机抖振气动力理论的差异.     

Solar Activity and the Climate of Prebaikalia

This paper presents convincing evidence for the reality of manifestations of solar variability in climate characteristics of the Prebaikalia. A numerical estimate is obtained of this influence on ground air temperature. It is shown that the main meaningful variations in air temperature in the region for the period1881-1960 were caused by solar activity. Since the 1960s till the present, with the influence of solar variability continuing, a clear-cut influence of another factor has been observed, the role of which has been steadily increasing, and in the hst decade it has now exceeded the contribution of solar variability. Research results on the variations in hydrological characteristics of Lake Baikal and the Angara river and their connection with solar activity are presented. It is shown that these characteristics are closely correlated with the duration of solar cycles.      

中性原子成像探测的物理设计与仿真

研究了磁层-电离层-热层耦合星座(MIT)卫星计划中高能中性原子成像仪(NAIS-H)探测方案的原理设计和模拟仿真. 以双星中性原子成像仪设计思想为基础,依据MIT卫星计划的总体科学目标和磁层卫星的轨道环境及相应自旋姿态,给出中性原子成像仪的技术架构,并针对地磁偶极场的环电流模型进行了模拟仿真. 仿真结果表明,所研制的NAIS-H以其高时空分辨能力适用于监测和反演磁暴期间磁层等离子体的全球动力学过程.      

一种用于测量谐振频率和Q值的数字系统

最近研制和测试了一种用于准确测量射频和微波谐振电路的谐振频率和Q值的计算机控制的自动系统。在此系统中,谐振曲线的拐点利用联机数字计算机通过数学计算过程进行识别,并利用它计算谐振频率和Q值。这个系统的主重优点是它的结果与谐振电路谐振频率的性能无关,与信号源的3dB点、幅度、频率漂移无关。也与检测器的不稳定性无关。设计、安装并测试了一种在1—2千兆赫之间工作的试验系统,用实验室小型计算机PDP11/34进行数据采集与处理以及对整个系统的控制。Q值的测量范围在100—1500之间,估计的谐振频率的不确定度为40ppm,Q值为1000的谐振电路的Q值的不确定度为百分之七。     

用于石英谐振器研究的频域反射计

本文介绍一种用于精确测量石英晶体谐振频率特性的调相频域反射计系统的概念和工作原理。反射计法容许被测晶体谐振器远置于一环境试验箱中;这系统还能同时而又单独地对任一给定晶体中发生的不同谐振模(例如,SC切晶体中的b模和c模谐振)进行频率测量。这一反射计技木主要适用于对谐振器进行以下基本研究:频率一温度特性的研究;滞后现象和热冲击效应的研究;幅度一频率因数和多模激励特性的研究以及核幅射效应的研究,等等。本仪器也可应用于晶体生产过程,包括自动化生产、测试以及质量控制等。     

低插入损耗宽带模拟信号处理滤波用超导抽头延迟线

横向波滤波器已经用微型超导抽头延迟线实现。由于超导体的损耗低,这就有可能采用小型带状线结构在微波频段提供有效延迟。抽头延迟线是以回波耦合器或以阻抗间断形式来实现的。Chirp(线性调频滤波器)是用这样一些耦合器级联起来增加长度的办法组成的。在2.6GHz带宽内做了脉冲展宽和压缩实验。通过给这些抽头加权,可使旁边电平的减小,比峰值输出低26dB。应用耦合模的分析来预测这种滤波器的响应特性,其分析结果与实验非常符合。分析还表明,如果加强耦合使插入损耗减小约10dB,就会产生明显相位畸变,旁边的电平同时成比例地减小。已经提出一种计算方法,根据它来调整抽头的位置,以便用补偿抽头重加权引起的畸变来预先修正相位响应。对经预先修正的器件的进一步分析表明,在插入损耗为3dB的汉明(Hamming)加权滤波器中,旁边的相对电平能够达到41dB。这种技术可用于声波滤波器和光栅滤波器。     

频率(标准)组合选择器

本文介绍Bendix Field工程公司和应用物理研究所联合为总部设在戈达德空间飞行中心的NASA空间跟踪数据网研制的频率标准组合选择器。频标组合选择器的用途是为备用定时系统提供备用高性能频率源。设计频标组合选择器是为了最限度地利用站内的一组频率标准,其方法是: 1.将频标的频率输出自动地组合成单一的信号输出,其性能为整组频标的平均性能。 2.自动排除整组频标中有故障的部份。 3.自动地使频标组合选择器的输出保持在相对于UTC的时间和频率上而与整组频标的长期性能无关。 4.由于防止了单点故障,所以频标组合选择器本身的单点故障将不影响工作。本文详细讨论频标组合选择器的设计和如何用不同的分系统来实现其功能。频标组合选择器的心藏是以多次混频相位比较系统为基础的数字式锁相环、数字控制的压控晶体振荡器和微处理器。即使各标准工作在不同频率上。即使有意地使压控振荡器的输出频率偏离该组标准的平均频率,数字式锁相环也能将压控晶体振荡器的相位锁在该组标准的平均相位上。这种偏移特性使频率组合选择器能够利用时间常数很长(一星期)的第二个锁相环来调节偏移频率,使定时系统的输出保持在相对于某一合适定时接收机所提供的1ppm协调世界时标准时间和频率上。第二锁相环还使微处理器能够测定各输入标准相对于协调世界时的频率。这就使频标组合选择器能够在某一输入标准有故障时重新调整压控晶体振荡器的偏移频率,使频标组合选择器的输出保持在相对于协调世界时的频率和时间上。本文介绍频标组合选择器中所使用的数字式锁相环的理论和试验性能以及如何具体实现频标组合选择器的原理。还讨论被称为频率(标准)选择的频标组合选择器分系统,这一分系统只在输入标准有故障时,才转换各输入标准之间的备用输出。