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221.
Paul Morgan Suzanne E. Smrekar Ralph Lorenz Matthias Grott Olaf Kroemer Nils Müller 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):277-313
The HP3 instrument on the InSight lander mission will measure subsurface temperatures and thermal conductivities from which heat flow in the upper few meters of the regolith at the landing site will be calculated. The parameter to be determined is steady-state conductive heat flow, but temperatures may have transient perturbations resulting from surface temperature changes and there could be a component of thermal convection associated with heat transport by vertical flow of atmospheric gases over the depth interval of measurement. The experiment is designed so that it should penetrate to a depth below which surface temperature perturbations are smaller than the required measurement precision by the time the measurements are made. However, if the measurements are delayed after landing, and/or the probe does not penetrate to the desired depth, corrections may be necessary for the transient perturbations. Thermal convection is calculated to be negligible, but these calculations are based on unknown physical properties of the Mars regolith. The effects of thermal convection should be apparent at shallow depths where transient thermal perturbations would be observed to deviate from conductive theory. These calculations were required during proposal review and their probability of predicting a successful measurement a prerequisite for mission approval. However, their uncertainties lies in unmeasured physical parameters of the Mars regolith. 相似文献
222.
Kugusheva A. D. Kalegaev V. V. Vlasova N. A. Petrov K. A. Bazilevskaya G. A. Makhmutov V. S. 《Cosmic Research》2021,59(6):446-455
Cosmic Research - The results of an analysis of the space–time characteristics and dynamics of precipitations of magnetospheric electrons with energies in the range from 0.1 to 0.7 MeV are... 相似文献
223.
The mass loss of spacecraft polyimide films under the action of atomic oxygen and vacuum ultraviolet radiation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The threshold values of the annual fluence of atomic oxygen (F AO ≈ 1020 cm?2), as well as the ratios of the energy-flux density of vacuum ultraviolet radiation of the solar spectrum to the flux density of atomic oxygen (Φ ν /Φ AO ≈ 8 × 10?15 mJ) were determined, which are characterized the influence of the synergistic effect on the mass loss of Kapton-H, PM-A, and PM-1E polyimide films, which are spacecraft materials. 相似文献
224.
225.
S. Mühlbachler D. Langmayr A.T.Y. Lui N.V. Erkaev I.V. Alexeev P.W. Daly H.K. Biernat 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
This study presents several observations of the Cluster spacecraft on September 24, 2003 around 15:10 UT, which show necessary prerequisites and consequences for the formation of the so-called modified-two-stream instability (MTSI). Theoretical studies suggest that the plasma is MTSI unstable if (1) a relative drift of electrons and ions is present, which exceeds the Alfvèn speed, and (2) this relative drift or current is in the cross-field direction. As consequences of the formation of a MTSI one expects to observe (1) a field-aligned electron beam, (2) heating of the plasma, and (3) an enhancement in the B-wave spectrum at frequencies in the range of the lower-hybrid-frequency (LHF). In this study we use prime parameter data of the CIS and PEACE instruments onboard the Cluster spacecraft to verify the drift velocities of ions and electrons, FGM data to calculate the expected LHF and Alfvèn velocity, and the direction of the current. The B-wave spectrum is recorded by the STAFF instrument of Cluster. Finally, a field aligned beam of electrons is observed by 3D measurements of the IES instrument of the RAPID unit. Observations are verified using a theoretical model showing the build-up of a MTSI under the given circumstances. 相似文献
226.
V. Truhlik D. Bilitza L. Triskova 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
A database of electron temperature (Te) measurements comprising of most of the available satellite measurements in the topside ionosphere is used for studying the solar activity variations of the electron temperature Te at different latitudes, altitudes, local times and seasons. The Te data are grouped into three levels of solar activity (low, medium, high) at four altitude ranges, for day and night, and for equinox and solstices. We find that in general Te changes with solar activity are small and comparable in magnitude with seasonal changes but much smaller than the changes with altitude, latitude, and from day to night. In all cases, except at low altitude during daytime, Te increases with increasing solar activity. But this increase is not linear as assumed in most empirical Te models but requires at least a parabolic approximation. At 550 km during daytime negative as well as positive correlation is found with solar activity. Our global data base allows to quantify the latitude range and seasonal conditions for which these correlations occur. A negative correlation with solar activity is found in the invdip latitude range from 20 to 55 degrees during equinox and from 20 degrees onward during winter. In the low latitude (20 to −20 degrees invdip) F-region there is almost no change with solar activity during solstice and a positive correlation during equinox. A positive correlation is also observed during summer from 30 degrees onward. 相似文献
227.
W.D. Apel J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez K. Bekk M. Bertaina J. Blümer H. Bozdog I.M. Brancus E. Cantoni A. Chiavassa F. Cossavella K. Daumiller V. de Souza F. Di Pierro P. Doll R. Engel J. Engler M. Finger B. Fuchs D. Fuhrmann H.J. Gils R. Glasstetter C. Grupen A. Haungs D. Heck J.R. Hörandel D. Huber T. Huege K.-H. Kampert D. Kang H.O. Klages K. Link P. Łuczak M. Ludwig H.J. Mathes H.J. Mayer M. Melissas J. Milke B. Mitrica C. Morello J. Oehlschläger S. Ostapchenko N. Palmieri M. Petcu T. Pierog H. Rebel M. Roth H. Schieler S. Schoo F.G. Schröder O. Sima 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
228.
S. Narendranath P.S. Athiray P. Sreekumar V. Radhakrishna A. Tyagi B.J. Kellett the CLASS team 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
Surface chemistry of airless bodies in the solar system can be derived from remote X-ray spectral measurements from an orbiting spacecraft. X-rays from planetary surfaces are excited primarily by solar X-rays. Several experiments in the past have used this technique of X-ray fluorescence for deriving abundances of the major rock forming elements. The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter carries an X-ray fluorescence experiment named CLASS that is designed based on results from its predecessor C1XS flown on Chandrayaan-1. We discuss the new aspects of lunar science that can be potentially achieved with CLASS. 相似文献
229.
G. Stratta A. Pozanenko J.L. Atteia A. Klotz S. Basa B. Gendre F. Verrecchia M. Boër S. Cutini M. Henze S. Holland M. Ibrahimov F. Ienna I. Khamitov S. Klose V. Rumyantsev V. Biryukov F. Vachier S. Arnouts D. Perley 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The detection of a bright optical emission measured with good temporal resolution during the prompt phase makes GRB 060111B a rare event that is especially useful for constraining theories of the prompt optical emission. Comparing this burst with other GRBs with evidence of optical peaks, we find that the optical peak epoch (tp) is anti-correlated with the high energy burst energetic assuming an isotropic energy release (Eiso) in agreement with Liang et al. (2009), and that the steeper is the post-peak afterglow decay, the less is the agreement with the correlation. GRB 060111B is among the latters and it does not match the correlation. The Cannonball scenario is also discussed and we find that this model cannot be excluded for GRB 060111B. 相似文献
230.
A. V. Bogatyi R. V. El’nikov I. P. Nazarenko G. A. Popov S. A. Semenikhin 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2018,61(3):445-451
The paper presents the research results of the effect of a capacitor energy storage device configuration on the specific characteristics of advanced modern propulsion systems based on the ablative pulsed plasma thrusters (APPT). These thrusters are designed to perform specific tasks within the small spacecrafts with the onboard power capacity up to 200 W. 相似文献