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101.
Robert J. Ferl Agata Zupanska April Spinale David Reed Susan Manning-Roach George Guerra David R. Cox Anna-Lisa Paul 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Molecular biology experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) continue to face challenges of sample harvesting and sample return to earth for post flight analysis; however, the use of Kennedy Space Center Fixation Tubes filled with RNALater has proven to be a robust solution to many of these challenges. While it is clear that one direction of future spaceflight experimentation may be towards enhanced on-orbit analytical capabilities, the rapid progress of earth-bound analytical capacity dictates that facile return of molecular biology samples from the ISS will continue to be a mainstay of space life sciences research and flight operations. In this paper we present a case study of the successful performance of KFTs and RNALater over a broad set of operational conditions of ascent configuration, on-orbit experiment use, on-orbit storage and sample return configurations that are unique to ISS current operations and constraints. We also provide observations on performance limits and discuss deployment opportunities and scenarios that are consistent with continued successful ISS molecular biology experimentation. 相似文献
102.
Meteor Phenomena and Bodies 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Zdeněk Ceplecha JiřÍ Borovička W. Graham Elford Douglas O. ReVelle Robert L. Hawkes VladimÍr Porubčan Miloš Šimek 《Space Science Reviews》1998,84(3-4):327-471
Meteoroids can be observed at collision with the Earth's atmosphere as meteors. Different methods of observing meteors are
presented: besides the traditional counts of individual events, exact methods yield also data on the geometry of the atmospheric
trajectory; on the dynamics and ablation of the body in the atmosphere; on radiation; on the spectral distribution of radiation;
on ionization; on accompanying sounds; and also data on orbits. Theoretical models of meteoroid interaction with the atmosphere
are given and applied to observational data. Attention is paid to radar observations; to spectroscopic observations; to experiments
with artificial meteors and to different types of meteor sounds. The proposed composition and structure of meteoroids as well
as their orbits link them to meteorites, asteroids and comets. Meteor streams can be observed as meteor showers and storms.
The rate of influx of meteoroids of different sizes onto Earth is presented and potential hazards discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
103.
Robert H. Nichols Jr. 《Space Science Reviews》2000,92(1-2):113-122
Variations in the abundances of short-lived radionuclides such as 26Al (τ1/2 ≈ 0.74 Ma) and 53Mn (τ1/2 ≈ 3.7 Ma) in meteoritic solids may be used to infer relative formation intervals of these solids in the nebula at precisions
of less than 1 Ma. In a strict chronometric interpretation of the isotopic variations, whereby criteria such as spatial and
temporal isotopic homogeneity and closed system isotopic evolution are met, solid formation occurred in the nebula for at
least several million years. This is longer than some theoretical and astronomical estimates for the duration of the active
nebula. The evidence for live 41Ca (τ1/2 ≈ 0.10 Ma) in meteoritic inclusions further indicates that the onset of solid formation occurred quite early, perhaps within
a few hundred thousand years after the onset of the collapse of the sun's parent molecular cloud. Failure of the chronometric
interpretation may arise for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, the late, inhomogeneous injection of material
from a nearby stellar source or the local production of short-lived radionuclides by an energetic particle irradiation, e. g., from T Tauri (X-wind) or galactic cosmic ray sources. Although some isotopic evidence exists that the criteria required
for a strict chronometric interpretation are not met by each of the short-lived chronometers, there is no compelling reason
to shorten the interval of solid formation in the nebula to less than 1 Ma.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
104.
Martin Tluczykont Daniel Hampf Dieter Horns Tanja Kneiske Robert Eichler Rayk Nachtigall Gavin Rowell 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The question of the origin of cosmic rays and other questions of astroparticle and particle physics can be addressed with indirect air-shower observations above 10 TeV primary energy. We propose to explore the cosmic ray and γ-ray sky (accelerator sky) in the energy range from 10 TeV to 1 EeV with the new ground-based large-area wide angle (ΔΩ ∼ 0.85 sterad) air-shower detector HiSCORE (Hundred∗i Square-km Cosmic ORigin Explorer). The HiSCORE detector is based on non-imaging air-shower Cherenkov light-front sampling using an array of light-collecting stations. A full detector simulation and basic reconstruction algorithms have been used to assess the performance of HiSCORE. First prototype studies for different hardware components of the detector array have been carried out. The resulting sensitivity of HiSCORE to γ-rays will be comparable to CTA at 50 TeV and will extend the sensitive energy range for γ-rays up to the PeV regime. HiSCORE will also be sensitive to charged cosmic rays between 100 TeV and 1 EeV. 相似文献
105.
Bela G. Fejer 《Space Science Reviews》2011,158(1):145-166
The low latitude ionosphere is strongly affected by several highly variable electrodynamic processes. Over the last two decades
ground-based and satellite measurements and global numerical models have been extensively used to study the longitude-dependent
climatology of low latitude electric fields and currents. These electrodynamic processes and their ionospheric effects exhibit
large ranges of temporal and spatial variations during both geomagnetic quiet and disturbed conditions. Numerous recent studies
have investigated the short term response of equatorial electric fields and currents to lower atmospheric transport processes
and solar wind-magnetosphere driving mechanisms. This includes the large electric field and current perturbations associated
with arctic sudden stratospheric warming events during geomagnetic quiet times and highly variable storm time prompt penetration
and ionospheric disturbance dynamo effects. In this review, we initially describe recent experimental and numerical modeling
results of the global climatology and short term variability of quiet time low latitude electrodynamic plasma drifts. Then,
we examine the present understanding of equatorial electric field and current perturbation fields during periods of enhanced
geomagnetic activity. 相似文献
106.
James R. Drummond Jiansheng Zou Florian Nichitiu Jayanta Kar Robert Deschambaut John Hackett 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
The MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument has provided more than nine years of global carbon monoxide (CO) measurements on a continuous basis since its launch aboard the Terra Spacecraft on December 18th, 1999. This paper gives an overview of the core sub-system performance and major issues of the in-flight instrument over the mission period. Some of the instrument anomalies are also discussed. The major successes are: (1) the concept of using a combination of correlation systems such as Length Modulated Cells (LMCs) and Pressure Modulated Cells (PMCs) to retrieve CO profiles in the troposphere; (2) the redundant design in the instrumentation which was crucial for coping with unexpected in-flight anomalies and for continuing the mission in the case of component failure; (3) the thermal environment on orbit that is so stable that some calibration procedures are not necessary; and (4) the recent production of CO total column retrieved from the MOPITT 2.3 μm channel. 相似文献
107.
Transfers with a low thrust are considered under constraints imposed on the thrust vector direction. These constraints can be caused by peculiarities of the attitude control system and the mode of stabilization of a spacecraft, and, in the general case, they are functions of the time and state vector. The constraints specified by equalities and inequalities are investigated. It is shown that the optimal thrust is directed along the projection of the Lawden’s primer vector onto the restricting set. 相似文献
108.
Alankrita Isha Mrigakshi Daniel Matthiä Thomas Berger Günther Reitz Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The evidently low solar activity observed between solar cycles 23 and 24 during the years 2008–2010 led to a substantial increase in the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) intensity in comparison with preceding solar minima. As the GCRs consist of highly-ionizing charged particles having the potential to cause biological damage, they are a subject of concern for manned missions to space. With the enhanced particle fluxes observed between 2008 and 2010, it is reasonable to assume that the radiation exposure from GCR must have also increased to unusually high levels. In this paper, the GCR exposure outside and inside the Earth’s magnetosphere is numerically calculated for time periods starting from 1970 to the end of 2011 in order to investigate the increase in dose levels during the years 2008–2010 in comparison with the last three solar minima. The dose rates were calculated in a water sphere, used as a surrogate for the human body, either unshielded or surrounded by aluminium shielding of 0.3, 10 or 40 g/cm2. 相似文献
109.
110.
Dorr RF 《Aerospace America》2003,41(10):8-9, 41
Current legislative activity in Washington includes plans for hearings and proposed changes to NASA after the publication of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board report in August, 2003. Also reviewed are legislative interest in airline safety and armed forces expansion. 相似文献