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581.
R Facius M Schafer H Bucker 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(10):175-185
Since the beg inning of manned space flight the potentially unique radiobiological properties of the heavy ions of the cosmic radiation had been, apart from possible interactions of radiation effects with biological effects of weightlessness, of major concern with respect to the assessment of radiation hazards in manned space flight. Radiobiological findings obtained from space flight experiments and ground based experiments with densely ionizing radiation are discussed, which suggest qualitative differences between the radiobiological mechanisms of sparsely ionizing and densely ionizing radiation. These findings comprise the observation of a long lateral range of radiobiological effectiveness around tracks of single heavy ions, the observation of micro lesions induced in biological targets by the penetration of heavy ions, the nonadditivity of radiobiological effects from sparsely and densely ionizing radiation, the different kinetics for the expression of late effects induced by sparsely or densely ionizing radiation, and the observation of a reversed dose rate effect for early and late effects induced by densely ionizing radiation. These findings bear on the radiation protection standards to be installed for a general public in manned space flight and on the design of experiments, which intend to contribute to their specification. 相似文献
582.
Previous space CYTOS experiments have shown that space flights resulted in an increase in growth of Paramecia cultures. Microgravity is the major factor responsible of this response: indeed the stimulatory effect disappeared in inflight cultures placed on a 1 g centrifuge aboard the Spacelab. On the other hand, exposure to different levels of hypergravity on Earth resulted in an opposite response, i.e. to a reduced cell growth rate. A possible mechanism of microgravity on paramecia is discussed. 相似文献
583.
D R Morrison M L Lewis G H Barlow P Todd M E Kunze B E Sarnoff Z Li 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(5):77-79
Suspensions of cultured primary human embryonic kidney cells were subjected to continuous flow electrophoresis on Space Shuttle flight STS-8. The objectives of the experiments were to obtain electrophoretically separated fractions of the original cell populations and to test these fractions for the amount and kind of urokinase (a kidney plasminogen activator that is used medically for digesting blood clots), the morphologies of cells in the individual fractions, and their cellular electrophoretic mobilities after separation and subsequent proliferation. Individual fractions were successfully cultured after return from orbit, and they were found to differ substantially from one another and from the starting sample with respect to all of these properties. 相似文献
584.
H. Wiedemeier R.C. Whiteside 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(5):1
Previous chemical vapor transport experiments of the GeSe-GeI4 system performed under reduced gravity conditions /1/ yielded crystals of considerably improved surface and bulk morphology. In addition, the mass transport rates observed in microgravity environment were significantly greater than predicted. A quantitative thermodynamic analysis of the solid-gas phase reactions of the GeSe-GeI4 system revealed the multi-component, multi-reaction nature of the vapor phase /2/. Continued transport studies on ground of the GeSe-GeI4 system in the presence of inert gases provided experimental evidence for the existence of a boundary layer /2/ and its thickness dependence on GeI4 pressure in closed tube systems. Systematic transport rate measurements for different orientations of the density gradient relative to the gravity vector demonstrated the effects of ampoule inclination on mass flux /3/. Based on a computational model for simultaneous chemical vapor transport, sublimation, and Stefan flow /3/, the excellent agreement of predicted with ground-based experimental mass transport rates over wide pressure ranges /3/ confirmed the validity of the model and the discrepancy between observed and expected transport rates of the GeSe-GeI4 system in microgravity. 相似文献
585.
Paul R. Weissman Hugh H. Kieffer 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(9):221-224
The comet thermal model of Weissman and Kieffer is used to calculate gas production rates and other parameters for the 1986 perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Gas production estimates are very close to revised pre-perihelion estimates by Newburn based on 1910 observations of Halley; the increase in observed gas production post-perihelion may be explained by a variety of factors. The energy contribution from multiply scattered sunlight and thermal emission by coma dust increases the total energy reaching the Halley nucleus at perihelion by a factor of 2.4. The high obliquity of the Halley nucleus found by Sekanina and Larson may help to explain the asymmetry in Halley's gas production rates around perihelion. 相似文献
586.
K. Clausen H. Sainct 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1994,14(12):189-195
The mission of the Huygens Probe is to enter into the Titan atmosphere and to descend in a controlled manner to the surface such that scientific measurements can be taken and transmitted to earth via the Orbiter. The entry is the most challenging phase of the mission. The deceleration is achieved by an aeroshell. Thermal protection against entry heat fluxes is achieved by an ablator rejecting heat mainly by radiation. The descent profile in terms of descent velocity, spin rate and attitude stability is designed to allow imaging, sampling and measurements at the various atmospheric layers within the overall time and energy constraints. The Huygens system has to operate in an autonomous and fault tolerant manner, as no ground control and failure recovery during the descent phase is feasible. This autonomy and fault tolerance is the main driver for the chosen architecture of the on-board system. 相似文献
587.
The available data describing the incompressible zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer are reviewed in association with a range of studies which are either new or, to date, not very generally available. The new data cover a Reynolds number range 2.5 < Reδ2 × 10−3 < 58 and include measurements of all three turbulence perlurbations and the Reynolds shear stress. They are assessed in relation to data in the range 0.4 < Reδ2 × 10−3 < 211 using established scaling laws. In common with other investigators we find that while scaling the mean flow leads to a high degree of apparent similarity, scaling of the turbulence quantities is in general not so satisfactory. 相似文献
588.
H. Perez-De-Tejada 《Space Science Reviews》1995,72(3-4):655-675
589.
This paper analyzes a buck/boost regulator employing current-injected control (CIC). It reveals the complex interactions between the dc loop and the current-injected loop and underlines the fundamental principle that governs the loop gain determination. Three commonly used compensation techniques are compared. The integral and lead/lag compensation are shown to be most desirable for performance optimization and stability. 相似文献
590.
R. Z. Sagdeev G. A. Avanesov I. V. Barinov A. I. Debabov V. A. Kvasikov V. I. Moroz V. A. Shamis V. I. Tarnapolski D. A. Usikov Ya. L. Ziman B. S. Zhukov B. A. Smith S. Larson F. Szabo K. Szeg A. Kondor L. Vrhalmi E. Mernyi L. Szabo I. Toth P. Cruvellier A. Abergel J. -L. Bertaux J. E. Blamont M. Danz D. Mhlmann H. Stiller H. P. Zapfe 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(12):95-104
The VEGA-1 and VEGA-2 spacecraft made their closest approach to Comet Halley on 6 and 9 March, respectively. In this paper those results of the onboard imaging experiment which were obtained around closest approach are discussed. The nucleus of the comet was clearly identifiable as an irregularly shaped object, with overall dimensions of (16±1)×(8±1)×(8±1) km. The nucleus rotates in the prograde sense about an axis nearly perpendicular to the orbital plane with a period of 53±2 hours. Its albedo is only Many of the jet features observed during the second fly-by have been spatially reconstructed. Their sources form a quasi-linear structure on the surface. The dust above the surface is shown to be generally optically thin with the exception of certain specific dust jets. Brightness features on the surface are clearly seen. Correlating our data with other measurements, we conclude that the dirty snow-ball model will probably need to be revised. 相似文献