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991.
R.J. Bayuzick N.D. Evans W.F. Hofmeister K.R. Johnson M.B. Robinson 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(5):85-90
The 100 meter high drop tube at the Marshall Space Flight Center has proven to be a viable facility for studies of containerless solidification. Advantages are that experiments are inexpensive and large numbers of specimens can be processed rapidly. It would not be unusual to run ten specimens in a day. Another significant advantage is that the undercooling behavior can be followed with sufficient sensitivity to easily detect the onset of recalescence and subsequent events.Disadvantages are the restrictions on specimen sizes and types of alloys that can be run in a microgravity environment. Practical specimen sizes range between 50 mg and 500 mg depending on the type of furnace being used. Refractory alloys can be processed in a vacuum (about 10?5 torr) and therefore at microgravity. Non-refractory alloys demand an atmosphere (about 200 torr) to obtain appreciable undercooling before impact at the bottom of the tube. Under these conditions significant g forces result.Because of the present limitations of the 100 meter drop tube, the most definitive work has been done on niobium based alloys. Large amounts of undercooling have been observed routinely and the effects of undercooling on microstructure have been characterized in detail. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to determine types of phases, amounts of phases, and compositions of phases. It is clear, as would be expected, that the results bear some resemblance to rapid solidification processing by quenching. However, there are dissimilarities due to the uniqueness of solidification by deep undercooling without quenching in long drop tubes and accompanying recalescence effects. 相似文献
992.
P. Fabian R. Borchers D. Gömer S.A. Penkett 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(4):135-138
Stratospheric air samples collected between 10 and 35 km altitude my means of a cryogenic sampler were analyzed by gaschromatography. Thus vertical profiles of source gases for halogen radicals were derived, such as CCl4, CCl3F, CCl2F2, CClF3, CF4, C2F3Cl3, C2F4Cl2, C2F5Cl, C2F6, CH3Cl, CH3CCl3, CHF2Cl, CH3Br, CBrF3, and CBrCl2F. Systematic discrepancies between measured and modelled halocarbon profiles point to deficiencies of present one- and two-dimensional models. Measurements of fully halogenated hydrocarbons provide a tool for systematically studying these deficiencies and thus improving the models. 相似文献
993.
M.E. Glicksman R.S. Sokolowski 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(5):129-134
Micro- and macrosegregation, the nonuniform redistribution of solute during solidification, are common to both casting and welding, processes of fundamental importance in materials engineering. In multicomponent crystal growth where solid/liquid density differences are appreciable gravity-induced separation can lead to significant spatial variations in resulting ingot composition. In fact, this phenomenon is also operative in liquid/liquid systems such as monotectic alloys exhibiting a liquid miscibility gap, where buoyancy-driven flows can result in a sometimes unwanted separation of phases upon cooling through the miscibility dome. 相似文献
994.
R.Shankar Subramanian 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(5):145-153
The migration of a droplet in a large liquid body possessing a uniform temperature gradient is analyzed in the creeping flow limit for small values of the Marangoni number (ε). The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used for the solution of the field equations. The migration velocity is calculated to 0(ε2) and the result reduces to that of Young, Goldstein and Block [10] in the limit of zero Marangoni number. 相似文献
995.
M.C. Flemings J. Szekely N. El-Kaddah Y. Shiohara R.T. Frost 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(5):99-103
An electromagnetic furnace is being prepared for flights aboard the space shuttle. This apparatus is capable of melting metals and alloys up to 1400°C melting point by induction heating with subsequent solidification of the freely levitated melt without contact with any container. The solidification can be carried out with greatly reduced fields resulting in minimal heating and stirring of the free melt. Sequential specimens can be processed during flight. Several experiments are planned for a series of flights, beginning in 1985 with an undercooling experiment on NiSn alloys. These will be interspersed with detailed studies of fluid flow caused by low and high field levels in order to quantify the corresponding effect upon the solidification process. 相似文献
996.
G.J. Sofko J.A. Koehler J. Gilmer A.G. McNamara D.R. McDiarmid 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(7):149-152
During August 1981, a 50 MHz c.w. radar system was operated in central Canada to measure auroral scatter amplitudes and Doppler spectra from a scattering region centered near 66° magnetic invariant latitude (L ≈ 6.0). Narrow beams from 3 transmitters, differing in frequency by 1 KHz, were directed to cover a common volume of the ionosphere over a ground location at 56.3°N, 103.5°W. The scattered signals were received on narrow beam antennas at two receiving sites, and recorded in analog form on magnetic tape under the control of an AIM65 microcomputer. The analog tapes were digitized later and FFT-processed to obtain Doppler spectra and amplitudes.The 6 transmission paths were designed to provide several magnetic aspect angles varying by 1.5°-7° from perpendicularity with the earth's field B and two streaming aspect angles differing by ~38°. The objective was to employ controlled geometric factors to study the functional dependency of signal amplitudes and Doppler shifts on magnetic and streaming aspect angles. Several hundred hours of excellent data were obtained in continuous operation during the month of August 1981. Preliminary results will be reported. 相似文献
997.
R. Stalio 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(9):283-292
With the advent of high resolution space observations with high sensitivity, stellar atmospheric research has entered a new phase of rapid development. All stars, and especially hot stars, are now recognized to have atmospheric characteristics that were not suspected before. All hot stars that we can observe with sufficient accuracy show chromospheres and coronae indicative of non-radiative energy fluxes as well as mass loss; these phenomena exhibit a very great range in magnitude among different stars and, in several cases, they are variable in time. These discoveries have pointed out the need for determining the atmospheric structures of hot stars and, ultimately, of determining the mechanisms responsible for the likely common origin of chromospheres-coronae and mass fluxes. This paper will focus on these observational aspects of hot stars -mainly Be stars and OB-normal stars will be treated here- and on the constraints that the observations impose upon models for these stellar atmospheres. 相似文献
998.
T.F. Tuan D. Papadopoulos A.W. Peterson R.M. Nadile 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(10):137-141
The effects of gravity waves on OH and 5577 0I emissions have been used to investigate (1) the possible production of “secondary” waves or “ripples” by a “primary” wave; (2) the possible application of such observed optical emissions for computing atmospheric parameters such as turbulence viscosity in the mesospheric regions. 相似文献
999.
Fluid dynamics aspects for material science experiments may be treated with respect to purely space experiments and preparatory experiments on the ground. Preparatory experiments are necessary because little experience of material science experiments in space is available. Preparatory experiments on earth are needed in the field of surface tension and viscosity, surface layers, forming and positioning of liquids. Concerning space experiments the following subjects may be treated: convection phenomena, capillarity and kinetics of liquids. Convection phenomena (Marangoni convection) can be studied without disturbance by gravitation which has a considerable technological relevance. Under space conditions the kinetics of fluids may be studied in large model structures with changing capillarity and wetting properties. 相似文献
1000.
O.I. Bugaenko A.V. Morozhenko 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1981,1(8):183-186
Analysis of polarimetric observations of Saturn was carried out. In the long wave-length spectral range (λ > 0.5μm) polarimetric observations do not contradict the model of spherical or irregular randomly oriented particles. In the short wave-length spectral interval (λ < 0.5μm) it is necessary to take into account the scattering by oriented particles. 相似文献