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991.
Non-thermal components are key ingredients for understanding clusters of galaxies. In the hierarchical model of structure
formation, shocks and large-scale turbulence are unavoidable in the cluster formation processes. Understanding the amplification
and evolution of the magnetic field in galaxy clusters is necessary for modelling both the heat transport and the dissipative
processes in the hot intra-cluster plasma. The acceleration, transport and interactions of non-thermal energetic particles
are essential for modelling the observed emissions. Therefore, the inclusion of the non-thermal components will be mandatory
for simulating accurately the global dynamical processes in clusters. In this review, we summarise the results obtained with
the simulations of the formation of galaxy clusters which address the issues of shocks, magnetic field, cosmic ray particles
and turbulence. 相似文献
992.
分析了2000年和2001年期间52°N地区OI5577气辉强度的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征.利用由 OI5577气辉强度反演原子氧浓度峰值的方法反演出原子氧浓度的峰值,分析了峰值的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征.结果表明, OI5577气辉强度的夜间变化特征随季节变化, 2000年春季的夜间强度最大值出现在0000LT 之后,夏季和秋季的出现在0000LT之前,冬季的出现在0000LT,2001年春季和秋季的夜间强度最大值出现在0000LT之前,夏季和冬季的出现在0000LT;OI5577气辉强度在2000年2月份,8月份和10月份出现最大值,在2001年9月份有最大值.就主要特征而言,反演出的原子氧浓度峰值的夜间变化特征和季节变化特征分别与OI5577气辉强度的一致. 相似文献
993.
K. Dolag S. Borgani S. Schindler A. Diaferio A. M. Bykov 《Space Science Reviews》2008,134(1-4):229-268
Modern cosmological observations allow us to study in great detail the evolution and history of the large scale structure
hierarchy. The fundamental problem of accurate constraints on the cosmological parameters, within a given cosmological model,
requires precise modelling of the observed structure. In this paper we briefly review the current most effective techniques
of large scale structure simulations, emphasising both their advantages and shortcomings. Starting with basics of the direct
N-body simulations appropriate to modelling cold dark matter evolution, we then discuss the direct-sum technique GRAPE, particle-mesh (PM) and hybrid methods, combining the PM and the tree algorithms. Simulations of baryonic matter in the Universe often use hydrodynamic codes based on both particle
methods that discretise mass, and grid-based methods. We briefly describe Eulerian grid methods, and also some variants of
Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) methods. 相似文献
994.
In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed
non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering,
that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical
situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also
outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we
then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray
emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating
the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the
Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct
non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate.
However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <106 years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result
in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the
difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or
higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario
where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation,
for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely
lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic
injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks
by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion
years. 相似文献
995.
F. Durret J. S. Kaastra J. Nevalainen T. Ohashi N. Werner 《Space Science Reviews》2008,134(1-4):51-70
An excess over the extrapolation to the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray ranges of the thermal emission from the hot intracluster
medium has been detected in a number of clusters of galaxies. We briefly present each of the satellites (EUVE, ROSAT PSPC
and BeppoSAX, and presently XMM-Newton, Chandra and Suzaku) and their corresponding instrumental issues, which are responsible
for the fact that this soft excess remains controversial in a number of cases. We then review the evidence for this soft X-ray
excess and discuss the possible mechanisms (thermal and non-thermal) which could be responsible for this emission. 相似文献
996.
M.O. Riazantseva O.V. Khabarova G.N. Zastenker J.D. Richardson 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2007,40(12):1802-1806
Sharp (<10 min) and large (>20%) solar wind ion flux changes are common phenomena in turbulent solar wind plasma. These changes are the boundaries of small- and middle-scale solar wind plasma structures which can have a significant influence on Earth’s magnetosphere. These solar wind ion flux changes are typically accompanied by only a small change in the bulk solar wind velocity, hence, the flux changes are driven mainly by plasma density variations. We show that these events occur more frequently in high-density solar wind. A characteristic of solar wind turbulence, intermittency, is determined for time periods with and without these flux changes. The probability distribution functions (PDF) of solar wind ion flux variations for different time scales are calculated for each of these periods and compared. For large time scales, the PDFs are Gaussian for both data sets. For small time scales, the PDFs from both data set are more flat than Gaussian, but the degree of flatness is much larger for the data near the sharp flux change boundaries. 相似文献
997.
1994年2月21日行星际激波引起的磁暴 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用Imp-8,Geotail和Goes-6等卫星资料,研究了1994年2月21日0900UT到达地球磁层的行星际激波引起的磁暴期间,从太阳风向磁层传输能量的有关问题.结果指出:(1)南向行星际磁场(IMF)的长持续时间不是太阳风向磁层输能的必要条件.南北振荡的,较强IMF也能产生显著的能量传输;(2)行星际扰动磁场通过弓激波和磁层顶后扰动磁能增加,增幅将近5倍;(3)在磁层内扰动磁场的Bz分量在1×10-4Hz附近显著被吸收.这一低频扰动磁场可能是磁暴期间导致氧离子和质子等环电流粒子向内扩散并被加速的原因之一. 相似文献
998.
V. S. Makhmutov P. Kaufmann J. E. R. Costa P. R. Lagrotta A. Magun K. Arzner G. A. Bazilevskaya M. A. Shea 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2002,29(12):1186-2104
Itapetinga measurements at 48 GHz with the multibeam technique are used to determine the relative position of solar burst centroid of emission with high spatial accuracy and time resolution. For the Great Bursts of October 19,22, 1989, with a large production of relativistic particles, and October 23, it is suggested that, at 48 GHz, the bursts might have originated in more then one source in space and time. Additionally the October 19 and 22 Ground Level Events exhibited very unusual intensity-time profiles including double component structures for the onset phase. The Bern observatory spectral radio emission data show a strong spectral flattening typical for large source inhomogeneties. The interpretation for this is that large solar flares are a superposition of a few strong bursts (separated both in space and time) in the same flaring region. 相似文献
999.
C. Fang Y. X. Zhang M. D. Ding W. C. Livingston 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2002,29(12):1947-1950
The Ca
K line has been measured regularly nearly every month since 1974 at Kitt Peak. It is well known that the K1 component of the Ca
K line is formed in the temperature minimum region (TMR) of the solar atmosphere. Our study of the data of CaII K profiles over two solar cycles indicates that both in full disc integrated spectra and in center disc spectra, the distance between the red K1 and the blue K1 of the profiles and its average intensity show periodic variations. But the variation for the full disc integrated spectra fluctuates in the same way as the sunspot number does, while that for the center disc spectra has a time delay with respect to sunspot number. Non-LTE computations yield a cyclic temperature variation of about 17 K of the TMR in the quiet-Sun atmosphere and a cyclic variation of about 15–20 km in the height position of the TMR. 相似文献
1000.
对流层顶变化对上对流层/下平流层臭氧分布的影响 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
上对流层和下平流层(UT/LS),位于8-25km高度之间,是大气中一个很特殊的区域.大部分的臭氧分布在下平流层,在下平流层臭氧的含量发生一个很小的变化,就会对气候和地面的紫外辐射产生很大的影响.而作为气象参数的对流层顶,是充分混合、缺乏臭氧的上对流层和层结稳定、臭氧丰富的下平流层之间的边界或过渡层,其变化对臭氧总量和分布有直接和明显的影响.本文使用二维模式模拟研究对流层顶变化对臭氧在UT/LS分布的影响.模拟结果表明对流层顶的季节变化对UT/LS的臭氧分布有明显的影响,臭氧的局地变化可以超过10%在冬季北半球中纬度对流层顶高度升高1km时,模式结果表明对臭氧分布的影响比较显著,局地变化可超过6%,但是对臭氧总量的影响较小,变化不超过5DU,小于观测资料统计分析的结果。 相似文献