Enrichment of the Hot Intracluster Medium: Numerical Simulations

The distribution of chemical elements in the hot intracluster medium (ICM) retains valuable information about the enrichment and star formation histories of galaxy clusters, and on the feedback and dynamical processes driving the evolution of the cosmic baryons. In the present study we review the progresses made so far in the modelling of the ICM chemical enrichment in a cosmological context, focusing in particular on cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We will review the key aspects of embedding chemical evolution models into hydrodynamical simulations, with special attention to the crucial assumptions on the initial stellar mass function, stellar lifetimes and metal yields, and to the numerical limitations of the modelling. At a second stage, we will overview the main simulation results obtained in the last decades and compare them to X-ray observations of the ICM enrichment patterns. In particular, we will discuss how state-of-the-art simulations are able to reproduce the observed radial distribution of metals in the ICM, from the core to the outskirts, the chemical diversity depending on cluster thermo-dynamical properties, the evolution of ICM metallicity and its dependency on the system mass from group to cluster scales. Finally, we will discuss the limitations still present in modern cosmological, chemical, hydrodynamical simulations and the perspectives for improving the theoretical modelling of the ICM enrichment in galaxy clusters in the future.     

Multi-criteria analysis of high-altitude UAV concepts

In this paper, we consider an example of estimating and comparing the efficiency of different concepts for a high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) under diversity of efficiency criteria.     

Dynamics of a discretely reinforced cylindrical shell under live load

This study proposes an approximate solution to a contact problem of dynamic deformation of a cyclically symmetrical discretely ring-stiffened cylindrical shell, the side surface of which is subjected to an evenly distributed inertia live load. The solution of the problem assumes the quasistatic mode of deformation of the structure. Several critical velocities of the live load have been found. A number of examples are presented.     

Multi-criteria analysis of aircraft structures fracture

A novel modular multistep algorithm is proposed for multi-criteria analysis of fracture of aircraft structures with complex geometries. In order to evaluate the algorithm, the crack growth analysis is realized by the following three criteria, namely, the stress intensity factor, the strain energy release rate, and the J-integral. The algorithm implementation by the finite element method is considered and prospects of alternative implementation based on the meshfree methods are assigned.     

A concept of increasing efficiency for ramjet operation

The vortical mixing concept in the ramjet channel is analyzed. The results of simulating the gasodynamic scheme permit the concept of increasing efficiency for ramjet operation to be substantiated.     

Numerical and Experimental Study of a Hybrid Segmented Air Bearing for an Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine

The bearing capacity of hybrid segmented bearings with different groove systems is compared. The research establishes that the system with a crescent groove has the best characteristics.     

Electric potential structures of auroral acceleration region border from multi-spacecraft Cluster data

This paper studies an auroral event using data from three spacecraft of the Cluster mission, one inside and two at the poleward edge of the bottom of the Auroral Acceleration Region (AAR). The study reveals the three-dimensional profile of the region’s poleward boundary, showing spatial segmentation of the electric potential structures and their decay in time. It also depicts localized magnetic field variations and field-aligned currents that appear to have remained stable for at least 80?s. Such observations became possible due to the fortuitous motion of the three spacecraft nearly parallel to each other and tangential to the AAR edge, so that the differences and variations can be seen when the spacecraft enter and exit the segmentations, hence revealing their position with respect to the AAR.     

Separation of the Galactic Cosmic Rays and Inner Earth Radiation Belt Contributions to the Daily Dose Onboard the International Space Station in 2005–2011

The DB-8 detectors of the ISS radiation monitoring system (RMS) have operated almost continuously onboard the ISS service module since August 2001 till December 2014. The RMS data obtained were used for the daily monitoring of the radiation environment aboard the station. This paper considers the technique of RMS data analysis that allows one to distinguish the contributions of galactic cosmic rays and the Earth’s inner radiation belt to the daily dose based on the dosimetry data obtained as a result of the station’s passage in areas of the highest geomagnetic latitudes. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the dosimetry data based on this technique for 2005–2011, as well as a comparison with similar results the authors obtained previously using the technique based on an analysis of the dosimetry data obtained during station passages in the area of the South Atlantic Anomaly.