一个不确定性问题的确定性解法——决策规划法

决策规划法——线性结构随机系统中的优化方法。这种方法的特点,是线性最优化原理结合贝叶斯决策准则,将一个多约束不确定性问题转化为一个线性规划模型,进而采用线性规划求解。其目的是探讨不确定性问题的确定性解法,试图消除模型与实际可行性之间的差距,为随机问题优化提供某种方法和途径。 文中给出了详细的理论证明,并结合随机参数的生产计划实例,提供了一个有效的变换方法。在FELIX C—256计算机上所获得的结果,说明了这种方法具有一定的理论和实用价值。     

可回收的数字存贮遥测仪在炮弹中的应用

当引信和导引系统变得越来越先进时,炮弹遥测的应用随之增加。在某些应用中,数据性质简单、体积受限,而且硬件回收成功率较高时,采用微功耗数字存贮器系统比普通的价格较高的射频系统更加理想。本文介绍数字存贮器遥测系统的能力和限制、设计依据以及外场和实验室试验的结果。还讨论某些极端环境和抗冲击的封装技术。     

Immobilization induces a very rapid increase in osteoclast activity

We studied in a randomized, strictly controlled cross-over design, the effects of 6 days 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest (HDT) in eight male healthy subjects in our metabolic ward. The study consisted of two periods (phases) of 11 days each in order to allow for the test subjects being their own controls. Both study phases were identical with respect to environmental conditions, study protocol and diet. Two days before arriving in the metabolic ward the subjects started with a diet. The diet was continued in the metabolic ward. The metabolic ward period (1l days) was divided into three parts: 4 ambulatory days, 6 days either HDT or control and 1 recovery day. Continuous urine collection started on the first day in the metabolic ward to analyze calcium excretion and bone resorption markers. On the 2nd ambulatory day in the metabolic ward and on the 5th day in HDT or control blood was drawn to analyze serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and bone formation markers. Urinary calcium excretion was, as early as the first day in immobilization, increased (p<0.01). CTX- and NTX-excretion stayed unchanged in the first 24 h in HDT compared to the control. But already on the 2nd day of immobilization, both bone resorption markers significantly increased. We conclude from these results--pronounced rise of bone resorption markers--that already 24 h of immobilization induce a significant rise in osteoclast activity in healthy subjects. Thus, it appears possible to use short-term bed rest studies as a first step for the development of countermeasures to immobilization.     

Recurrent isolation of hydrogen peroxide-resistant spores of Bacillus pumilus from a spacecraft assembly facility

While the microbial diversity of a spacecraft assembly facility at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA) was being monitored, H2O2-resistant bacterial strains were repeatedly isolated from various surface locations. H2O2 is a possible sterilant for spacecraft hardware because it is a low-temperature process and compatible with various modern-day spacecraft materials, electronics, and components. Both conventional biochemical testing and molecular analyses identified these strains as Bacillus pumilus. This Bacillus species was found in both unclassified (entrance floors, anteroom, and air-lock) and classified (floors, cabinet tops, and air) locations. Both vegetative cells and spores of several B. pumilus isolates were exposed to 5% liquid H2O2 for 60 min. Spores of each strain exhibited higher resistance than their respective vegetative cells to liquid H2O2. Results indicate that the H2O2 resistance observed in both vegetative cells and spores is strain-specific, as certain B. pumilus strains were two to three times more resistant than a standard Bacillus subtilis dosimetry strain. An example of this trend was observed when the type strain of B. pumilus, ATCC 7061, proved sensitive, whereas several environmental strains exhibited varying degrees of resistance, to H2O2. Repeated isolation of H2O2-resistant strains of B. pumilus in a clean-room is a concern because their persistence might potentially compromise life-detection missions, which have very strict cleanliness and sterility requirements for spacecraft hardware.     

COSAC onboard Rosetta: a bioastronomy experiment for the short-period comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

The COSAC (Cometary Sampling and Composition Experiment) onboard the Rosetta mission is a combined gas chromatograph (GC)-mass spectrometer (MS). It is situated on Philae, the lander of the mission, which is intended to land on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko. The purpose of the experiment is to analyze the volatile fraction of soil samples retrieved by a drill. For investigation, the samples will be pyrolysed, and the emanating gases fed into a GC, into an MS, or the combination of both. In the first part of this paper, the bioastronomical relevance of such measurements is outlined. In the second part the details of the hardware and its performance are described.     

具有无源控制空腔时正激波/湍流附面层干扰的数值模拟

采用雷诺平均N-S方程和B/L代数湍流模型计算了具有无源控制空腔时正激波/湍流附面层干扰流场。计算与实验结果的比较表明,本文方法可较准确地预测激波结构、激波与附面层干扰区流动基本特征及波后流动分离状态、激波位置、波前马赫数等参数。      

基于特征优化与改进KNN的航空发动机故障诊断

为有效解决航空发动机气路故障诊断难题,建立了基于特征优化与改进KNN的航空发动机气路故障诊断模型。利用特征优化算法对发动机故障特征进行处理,包括特征增维与近邻成分分析算法;将特征优化后的特征输入改进KNN算法,建立基于特征优化与改进KNN算法的故障诊断模型;为验证所建立故障诊断模型的准确性,在四台CFM56-7FB发动机数据上进行实验验证,结果表明：基于特征优化与改进KNN算法的故障诊断模型的准确率可达98%以上,能够达到智能诊断的目的。     

基于分数阶理论的铁路基础设施形变监测数据分析与挖掘

北斗高精度定位系统因噪声等因素会产生一定范围内的随机误差,这导致传统模型难以直接对监测数据进行精准分析,因此提出基于分数阶理论的北斗监测数据分析方法,从数据整体趋势角度挖掘铁路基础设施形变演化规律。首先,给出分数阶分析方法的理论框架,并对基础理论进行详细介绍;其次,提出利用α稳定分布对原始数据进行概率密度拟合,实现数据的非高斯特性估计;再次,通过长程相关特性和多重分形特性挖掘隐藏在监测数据中的深层次趋势特征,从数据分数阶特性维度分析未来变化趋势;最后,所提分析方法应用于国内某重载铁路的基础设施形变监测,实验结果表明所提出的分析方法能够在噪声干扰下实现北斗监测数据的精准分析,能够对各组监测数据的演化规则和铁路基础设施形变程度进行精准判别。     

考古，寻找进化的雕塑——对话罗伯特·巴克（上）

达林·R．斯蒂尔（以下简称“斯”）：你刚上四年级的时候就决定研究恐龙。是受到什么影响吗？     

考古,寻找进化的雕塑——对话罗伯特·巴克（下）

斯：你不仅是知名的古生物学家,而且是一位有造诣的艺术家。你是怎样学习绘画的？巴：任何人都能作画。绘画的能力不在你的指尖,而在你的眼睛里。如果你能看见结构,如果你能看见形式,你就能把它记录下来。我上解剖学课,就把学生带到动物园,对他们说：“画那头美洲豹。”“我不会画。”他们说。“你们能看见那头美洲豹吗？”“能看见。”“肘部是直的还是弯的？“‘噢,弯的”“踝关节是弯的吗？”“是的。”“它比狗的踝关节还要弯吧？”“不错。”“把它画下来。”要是你懂得怎样看结构,能在你的头脑中大概画下一系列东西,你就能把它画到纸上。